A Complementary Herbal Product for Controlling Giardiasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Preparation of A. annua Extract
2.4. Preparation of Parasite for Infection
2.5. Animal Experiments
2.6. Assessment of the Efficacy of the Extract
2.6.1. Determination of Trophozoites Count in Different Groups of Infected Hamsters
2.6.2. Quantification of Proinflammatory Cytokines and NO
2.7. Histopathological Studies
2.7.1. Assessment of Villi Length and Muscularis Externa Thickness
2.7.2. Determination of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes (IEL) and Goblet Cell Numbers
2.7.3. Immunohistochemistry
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. A. annua Treatment Reduces G. lamblia Trophozoite Count in the Intestine
3.2. A. annua Treatment Induced NO and Reduced Proinflammatory Cytokines Production
3.3. A. annua Treatment Restored Villi Structure of G. lamblia-Infected Animals
3.4. A. annua Treatment Reduced IEL Numbers in G. lamblia-Infected Animals, Restored the Goblet Cell Numbers, and Reversed Infection-Induced Pathological Effect on Muscularis Externa
3.5. A. annua Treatment Modulates iNOS Expression and Protects Intestinal Cells from Apoptosis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
A. annua | Artemisia annua |
HPF | High power field |
IEL | Intraepithelial Lymphocytes |
IL-6 | Interlukin-6 |
IFN-γ | Interferon-γ |
iNOS | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
NF-kB | Nuclear factor-kappa B |
nNOS | Neuronal nitric oxide synthase |
NO | Nitric oxide |
PAS | Periodic Acid Schiff reagent |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
TNFR1 | TNF-α receptor 1 |
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Abd-Elhamid, T.H.; Abdel-Rahman, I.A.M.; Mahmoud, A.R.; Allemailem, K.S.; Almatroudi, A.; Fouad, S.S.; Abdella, O.H.; Elshabrawy, H.A.; El-Kady, A.M. A Complementary Herbal Product for Controlling Giardiasis. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050477
Abd-Elhamid TH, Abdel-Rahman IAM, Mahmoud AR, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Fouad SS, Abdella OH, Elshabrawy HA, El-Kady AM. A Complementary Herbal Product for Controlling Giardiasis. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(5):477. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050477
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbd-Elhamid, Tarek Hamdy, Iman A. M. Abdel-Rahman, Amany Refaat Mahmoud, Khaled S. Allemailem, Ahmad Almatroudi, Samer S. Fouad, Osama H. Abdella, Hatem A. Elshabrawy, and Asmaa M. El-Kady. 2021. "A Complementary Herbal Product for Controlling Giardiasis" Antibiotics 10, no. 5: 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050477