Synthesis of Fully Deacetylated Quaternized Chitosan with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity and Low Cytotoxicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization of Chitosan Compounds
2.2. Antimicrobial Activity
2.2.1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC), and Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations (MFC)
2.2.2. Time Kill Assay
2.2.3. Effect of Fully Deacetylated Quaternized Chitosan (DQCTS) on the Morphology of Microorganisms
2.2.4. Relative Expression Levels of Catalase, Virulence Factor, and Stress Response Sigma Factors
2.3. Cytotoxicity Test
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of Fully Deacetylated Chitosan
3.3. Preparation of Quaternized Chitosan
3.4. Characterization of Functionalized Chitosan
3.5. Preparation of Microbial Cultures and Assay Media
3.6. Antimicrobial Activity
3.6.1. Minimum inhibitory Concentrations (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC), and Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations (MFC)
3.6.2. Time Kill Assay
3.6.3. Effect of Chitosan Compounds on the Morphology of Microbial Cells
3.6.4. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
3.7. Cytotoxicity Test
3.7.1. Cell Culture
3.7.2. Cell Viability
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microorganism | MIC/MB(F)C (μg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CTS | QCTS | DCTS | DQCTS | |
S. aureus | 750 1/1000 2 | 250/250 | 750/750 | 250/250 |
E. coli O157:H7 | 1000/>1000 | 250/500 | 750/>1000 | 250/250 |
A. flavus | >1000/>1000 3 | >1000/>1000 | >1000/>1000 | >1000/>1000 |
C. albicans | 1000/>1000 | 750/1000 | 62.5/125 | 15.6/31.3 |
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Kim, Y.H.; Yoon, K.S.; Lee, S.-J.; Park, E.-J.; Rhim, J.-W. Synthesis of Fully Deacetylated Quaternized Chitosan with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity and Low Cytotoxicity. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1644. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111644
Kim YH, Yoon KS, Lee S-J, Park E-J, Rhim J-W. Synthesis of Fully Deacetylated Quaternized Chitosan with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity and Low Cytotoxicity. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(11):1644. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111644
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Yeon Ho, Ki Sun Yoon, Sung-Jae Lee, Eun-Jung Park, and Jong-Whan Rhim. 2022. "Synthesis of Fully Deacetylated Quaternized Chitosan with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity and Low Cytotoxicity" Antibiotics 11, no. 11: 1644. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111644