Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Benzylpenicillin in Critically Unwell Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Median or n (Interquartile Range) | Full Range |
---|---|---|
No. of participants | 12 | - |
Male: Female | 6:6 | - |
Age | 57.7 (44.3–63.2) | 25.7–71.7 |
Height (cm) | 172.0 (163.5–178.0) | 150.0–188.0 |
Weight (kg) | 70.0 (65.7–90.0) | 60.0–120.0 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 (22.1–27.9) | 19.8–39.6 |
Ethnicity: | ||
Asian | 2 | |
Caribbean | 1 | |
White British | 6 | |
White Irish | 1 | |
Other/Not stated | 2 | |
Infection source: * | ||
Soft tissue/Skin infection or abscess | 5 | |
Lower respiratory tract infection | 7 | |
Infective endocarditis | 1 | |
Sepsis of unknown source | 1 | |
Clinical outcome at 90-day review: | ||
Died in hospital | 1 | |
Discharged home | 10 | |
Died at home | 1 | |
Serum creatinine (mmol/L) | 70 (52–103.5) | 34–486 |
Serum albumin (g/L) | 28 (24–34) | 14–43 |
CRP (mg/L) | 133.9 (29.4–306) | 13.6–386.5 |
APACHE II | 14 (12.5–18) | 5–23 |
Vasopressors (no. of patients) | 5 | |
Ventilation (no. of patients with status recorded): ** | ||
Intubated and ventilated | 1 | |
Non-invasive ventilation | 3 | |
Spontaneous ventilation | 10 | |
Not recorded | 1 |
Mean Parameter Estimate (%RSE) | Individual Estimates (Range) | Bootstrap (n = 2000) Median (95% Interval) | |
---|---|---|---|
Fixed effects | |||
θCL L/h/70 kg | 23.1 (14) | 4.1–53.1 | 24.0 (19.0–31.5) |
θV1 L/70 kg | 15.1 (8) | 9.9–27.6 | 14.4 (9.4–16.8) |
θQ L/h/70 kg | 11.1 (50) | 11.4 (7.0–39.4) | |
θV2 L/70 kg | 9.8 (29) | 6.5–19.4 | 10.5 (7.4–21.3) |
θCREAT | −0.916 (18) | −0.97 (−1.26–−0.67) | |
Random effects | |||
ω21 CL (%CV) | 42.0 (43) | 40.0 (21.9–56.9) | |
ω22 V1 (%CV) | 22.6 (42) | 22.8 (12.2–53.3) | |
ω23 V2 (%CV) | 20.5 (60) | 20.2 (7.7–33.6) | |
Residual error | |||
σ21 (proportional) | 0.021 (47) | 0.014 (0.006–0.032) | |
σ22 (additive) | 0.006 (67) | 0.006 (0.003–0.031) | |
Derived parameters | |||
T1/2 | 1.11 h |
Dosing Schedule | Sampling Interval 1 | Sampling Interval 2 |
---|---|---|
4-hourly | 0.1, 2, 3.5, 4 | 0.2, 1, 3, 4 |
6-hourly | 0.1, 2, 3, 6 | 0.1, 1, 5, 6 |
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Shah, R.V.; Kipper, K.; Baker, E.H.; Barker, C.I.S.; Oldfield, I.; Philips, B.J.; Johnston, A.; Lipman, J.; Rhodes, A.; Basarab, M.; et al. Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Benzylpenicillin in Critically Unwell Adults. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12040643
Shah RV, Kipper K, Baker EH, Barker CIS, Oldfield I, Philips BJ, Johnston A, Lipman J, Rhodes A, Basarab M, et al. Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Benzylpenicillin in Critically Unwell Adults. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(4):643. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12040643
Chicago/Turabian StyleShah, Reya V., Karin Kipper, Emma H. Baker, Charlotte I. S. Barker, Isobel Oldfield, Barbara J. Philips, Atholl Johnston, Jeffrey Lipman, Andrew Rhodes, Marina Basarab, and et al. 2023. "Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Benzylpenicillin in Critically Unwell Adults" Antibiotics 12, no. 4: 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12040643
APA StyleShah, R. V., Kipper, K., Baker, E. H., Barker, C. I. S., Oldfield, I., Philips, B. J., Johnston, A., Lipman, J., Rhodes, A., Basarab, M., Sharland, M., Almahdi, S., Wake, R. M., Standing, J. F., & Lonsdale, D. O. (2023). Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Benzylpenicillin in Critically Unwell Adults. Antibiotics, 12(4), 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12040643