Diversity, Distribution, and Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Bloodstream Infections in Three Tertiary Referral Hospitals in Rwanda Between 2020 and 2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Study Sites
4.2. Data Collection and Laboratory Methods
4.3. Data Management and Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathogen Species | King Faisal Hospital (KFH) | Kigali University Teaching Hospital (CHUK) | Butare University Teaching Hospital (CHUB) | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram-negative | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | p-value |
Escherichia coli | 38 | 13.7 | 78 | 23.8 | 15 | 11.4 | 131 | 17.8 | <0.001 |
Klebsiella spp. | 89 | 32.0 | 152 | 46.3 | 59 | 44.7 | 300 | 40.7 | |
Acinetobacter spp. | 38 | 13.7 | 51 | 15.6 | 22 | 16.7 | 111 | 15.0 | |
Pseudomonas spp. | 28 | 10.1 | 12 | 3.7 | 8 | 6.1 | 48 | 6.5 | |
Enterobacter spp. | 33 | 11.9 | 9 | 2.7 | 5 | 3.8 | 47 | 6.4 | |
Salmonella spp. | 6 | 2.2 | 18 | 5.5 | 18 | 13.6 | 42 | 5.7 | |
Serratia spp. | 17 | 6.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 17 | 2.3 | |
* Other spp. | 29 | 10.4 | 8 | 2.4 | 5 | 3.8 | 42 | 5.7 | |
Total | 278 | 100 | 328 | 100 | 132 | 100 | 738 | 100 | |
Gram-positive | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | p-value |
Staphylococcus aureus | 177 | 32.5 | 198 | 93.8 | 22 | 56.4 | 397 | 50.0 | <0.001 |
Staphylococcus (CNS) | 269 | 49.5 | 3 | 1.4 | 11 | 28.2 | 283 | 35.6 | |
Enterococcus spp. | 32 | 5.9 | 4 | 1.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 36 | 4.5 | |
Streptococcus spp. | 24 | 4.4 | 6 | 2.8 | 6 | 15.4 | 36 | 4.5 | |
** Other spp. | 42 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 42 | 5.3 | |
Total | 544 | 100 | 211 | 100 | 39 | 100 | 794 | 100 |
Pathogen Species | OPD | Internal Medicine | Surgery | Emergency | ICU | Pediatrics | Gynecology | Neonatology | NICU | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram − | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | p-value |
Escherichia coli | 11 | 24.4 | 36 | 30.0 | 7 | 24.1 | 19 | 22.6 | 15 | 10.2 | 27 | 16.0 | 9 | 81.8 | 6 | 7.1 | 1 | 3.6 | 131 | 17.8 | <0.001 |
Klebsiella spp. | 7 | 15.6 | 36 | 30.0 | 12 | 41.4 | 31 | 36.9 | 56 | 38.1 | 82 | 48.5 | 1 | 9.1 | 54 | 64.3 | 15 | 53.6 | 300 | 40.7 | |
Acinetobacter spp. | 10 | 22.2 | 13 | 10.8 | 5 | 17.2 | 9 | 10.7 | 32 | 21.8 | 23 | 13.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 13.1 | 1 | 3.6 | 111 | 15.0 | |
Pseudomonas spp. | 3 | 6.7 | 8 | 6.7 | 4 | 13.8 | 4 | 4.8 | 10 | 6.8 | 12 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 4.8 | 1 | 3.6 | 48 | 6.5 | |
Enterobacter spp. | 2 | 4.4 | 13 | 10.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 4.8 | 13 | 8.8 | 6 | 3.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 4.8 | 2 | 7.1 | 47 | 6.4 | |
Salmonella spp. | 9 | 20.0 | 8 | 6.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 10.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 15 | 8.9 | 1 | 9.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 42 | 5.7 | |
Serratia spp. | 2 | 4.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 3.6 | 5 | 3.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 17.9 | 17 | 2.3 | |
Other spp. | 1 | 2.2 | 6 | 5.0 | 1 | 3.5 | 5 | 6.0 | 16 | 10.9 | 4 | 2.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 6.0 | 3 | 10.7 | 42 | 5.7 | |
Total | 45 | 100 | 120 | 100 | 29 | 100 | 84 | 100 | 147 | 100 | 169 | 100 | 11 | 100 | 84 | 100 | 28 | 100 | 738 | 100 | |
Gram + | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | p-value |
Staphylococcus aureus | 30 | 60.0 | 76 | 55.5 | 16 | 59.3 | 98 | 53.0 | 46 | 34.3 | 82 | 58.6 | 6 | 40.0 | 26 | 78.8 | 10 | 23.3 | 397 | 50.0 | <0.001 |
Staphylococcus (CNS) | 19 | 38.0 | 43 | 31.4 | 4 | 14.8 | 62 | 33.5 | 64 | 47.8 | 38 | 27.1 | 8 | 53.3 | 5 | 15.2 | 19 | 44.2 | 283 | 35.6 | |
Enterococcus spp. | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 3.7 | 2 | 7.4 | 10 | 5.4 | 15 | 11.2 | 1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 7.0 | 36 | 4.5 | |
Streptococcus spp. | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 4.4 | 3 | 11.1 | 6 | 3.2 | 3 | 2.2 | 11 | 7.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.0 | 4 | 9.3 | 36 | 4.5 | |
Other spp. | 1 | 2.0 | 7 | 5.1 | 2 | 7.4 | 9 | 4.9 | 6 | 4.5 | 8 | 5.7 | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | 3.0 | 7 | 16.3 | 42 | 5.3 | |
Total | 50 | 100 | 137 | 100 | 27 | 100 | 185 | 100 | 134 | 100 | 140 | 100 | 15 | 100 | 33 | 100 | 43 | 100 | 794 | 100 |
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Gashegu, M.; Ndahindwa, V.; Rwagasore, E.; Tuyishime, A.; Musanabaganwa, C.; Gahamanyi, N.; Mukagatare, I.; Mbarushimana, D.; Green, C.A.; Dzinamarira, T.; et al. Diversity, Distribution, and Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Bloodstream Infections in Three Tertiary Referral Hospitals in Rwanda Between 2020 and 2022. Antibiotics 2024, 13, 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13111084
Gashegu M, Ndahindwa V, Rwagasore E, Tuyishime A, Musanabaganwa C, Gahamanyi N, Mukagatare I, Mbarushimana D, Green CA, Dzinamarira T, et al. Diversity, Distribution, and Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Bloodstream Infections in Three Tertiary Referral Hospitals in Rwanda Between 2020 and 2022. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(11):1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13111084
Chicago/Turabian StyleGashegu, Misbah, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Edson Rwagasore, Albert Tuyishime, Clarisse Musanabaganwa, Noel Gahamanyi, Isabelle Mukagatare, Djibril Mbarushimana, Christopher Aird Green, Tafadzwa Dzinamarira, and et al. 2024. "Diversity, Distribution, and Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Bloodstream Infections in Three Tertiary Referral Hospitals in Rwanda Between 2020 and 2022" Antibiotics 13, no. 11: 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13111084