Regulation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes on Agricultural Land Is Dependent on Both Choice of Organic Amendment and Prevalence of Predatory Bacteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Choice of Manure Drives Prevalence of Unique Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in the Soil Microbiota
2.2. Predatory Bacteria Benefit from the Addition of Organic Amendments
2.3. Presence of Predatory Bacteria Significantly Correlate with Prevalence of ARGs
2.4. Spurway Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Soil Incubation with Organic Amendments
4.2. DNA Extraction and Droplet Digital PCR Analysis of Microbiota (16S rRNA) and ARG
4.3. Nutrient Analysis of Soil
4.4. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analysis | Unit | Soil (d0) | Soil (d28) | Chicken | Cow | Sludge |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 5.8 | 6.0 | 5.85 | 6.35 | 5.45 | |
Electrical conductivity | mS/cm | 3.4 | 2.75 | 3.8 | 2.45 | 2.9 |
Nitrogen (N) | mg/L | 160 | 145 | 180 | 140 | 210 |
Nitrate (N) | mg/L | 160 | 145 | 180 | 140 | 210 |
Ammonium (N) | mg/L | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Phosphorous (P) | mg/L | 13 | 15 | 23 | 110 | 28.5 |
Potassium (K) | mg/L | 52 | 54 | 130 | 420 | 88 |
Magnesium (Mg) | mg/L | 78 | 77 | 91.5 | 135 | 50 |
Sulfur (S) | mg/L | 250 | 145 | 230 | 73.5 | 135 |
Calcium (Ca) | mg/L | 790 | 675 | 715 | 510 | 705 |
Manganese (Mn) | mg/L | 1.9 | 0.66 | 1.5 | 0.95 | 1.65 |
Boron (B) | mg/L | 0.54 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.05 |
Iron (Fe) | mg/L | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.35 | 1.55 | 1.58 |
Sodium (Na) | mg/L | 180 | 170 | 205 | 105 | 72.5 |
Aluminum (Al) | mg/L | 3.2 | 4.25 | 3.15 | 3.1 | 4.5 |
Target | Forward Primer | Reverse Primer | Probe | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
16S | AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGA | CGTGTTACTCACCCGTCCG | CGCTGGCGGCGTGCCTAATACATGC | [34,35] |
Bdellovibrio | GGAGGCAGCAGTAGGGAATA | GCTAGGATCCCTCGTCTTACC | CGCGTGAGTGATGAAGGCCTTCGGGTCG | This study |
Bacteriovorax | CAGCCGCGGTAATACGAA | CGGATTTTACCCCTACATGC | GGGTGCAAGCGTTGTTCGGATTTATTGGGC | This study |
tetA | TTGAACGGCCTCAATTTCCT | GATGAAGAAGACCGCCATCA | GCATGACCGTCGTCGCCGCCC | [34,35,36] |
tetM | TGCAAGAAAAGTATCATGTGGAG | AAACCGAGCTCTCATACTGC | TGCCGCCAAATCCTTTCTGGGCTTCCA | [34,35,36] |
vanA | GTTGTGCGGTATTGGGAAAC | GTTTCCTGTATCCGTCCTCG | GCCGCGTTAGCTGTTGGCGAGGT | This study |
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Rosberg, A.K.; Silva, M.J.; Skøtt Feidenhans’l, C.; Cytryn, E.; Jurkevitch, E.; Lood, R. Regulation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes on Agricultural Land Is Dependent on Both Choice of Organic Amendment and Prevalence of Predatory Bacteria. Antibiotics 2024, 13, 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080750
Rosberg AK, Silva MJ, Skøtt Feidenhans’l C, Cytryn E, Jurkevitch E, Lood R. Regulation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes on Agricultural Land Is Dependent on Both Choice of Organic Amendment and Prevalence of Predatory Bacteria. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(8):750. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080750
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosberg, Anna Karin, Maria João Silva, Cecilie Skøtt Feidenhans’l, Eddie Cytryn, Edouard Jurkevitch, and Rolf Lood. 2024. "Regulation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes on Agricultural Land Is Dependent on Both Choice of Organic Amendment and Prevalence of Predatory Bacteria" Antibiotics 13, no. 8: 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080750