The Appropriateness of Empirical Uses of Antibiotics Based on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Results for Inpatients at a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | Sex | Total N (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Male N (%) | Female N (%) | ||
Less than 18 years | 5 (1) | 5 (1) | 10 (2) |
18–40 years | 66 (13.4) | 51 (10.2) | 117 (23.4) |
41–60 years | 92 (18.4) | 66 (13.2) | 158 (31.6) |
More than 60 years | 119 (23.8) | 96 (19.2) | 215 (43) |
Total N (%) | 282 (56.4) | 218 (43.6) | 500 (100) |
Antibiotics | WHO AWaRe Groups | Total N (%) | Appropriate N (%) | Inappropriate N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ciprofloxacin | Watch | 56 (11.2) | 28 (50.0) | 28 (50.0) |
Levofloxacin | Watch | 18 (3.6) | 8 (44.4) | 10 (55.6) |
Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid | Access | 49 (9.8) | 32 (65.3) | 17 (34.7) |
Ceftriaxone | Watch | 52 (10.4) | 32 (61.5) | 20 (38.5) |
Cefotaxime | Watch | 11 (2.2) | 6 (54.5) | 5 (45.5) |
Vancomycin | Watch | 35 (7.0) | 33 (94.3) | 2 (5.7) |
Oxacillin | Access | 19 (3.8) | 10 (52.6) | 9 (47.4) |
Piperacillin + tazobactam | Watch | 33 (6.6) | 24 (72.7) | 9 (27.3) |
Linezolid | Reserve | 43 (8.6) | 27 (62.8) | 16 (37.2) |
Ceftazidime | Reserve | 49 (9.8) | 24 (49.0) | 25 (51.0) |
Cefuroxime | Watch | 6 (1.2) | 3 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) |
Meropenem | Watch | 33 (6.6) | 18 (54.5) | 15 (45.5) |
Imipenem | Watch | 22 (4.4) | 3 (13.6) | 19 (86.4) |
Cefepime | Watch | 21 (4.2) | 11 (52.4) | 10 (47.6) |
Tigecycline | Reserve | 11 (2.2) | 8 (72.7) | 3 (27.3) |
Amikacin | Access | 9 (1.8) | 6 (66.7) | 3 (33.3) |
Cefazolin | Access | 16 (3.2) | 6 (37.5) | 10 (62.5) |
Metronidazole | Access | 17 (3.4) | 12 (70.6) | 5 (29.4) |
Total | - | 500 | 291 (58) | 209 (42) |
Type of Infection | Total N (%) | Alignment of Empirical Use of Antibiotic with Antimicrobial Susceptibility Results | |
---|---|---|---|
Appropriate N (%) | Inappropriate N (%) | ||
UTI | 123 (46.6) | 69 (56) | 54 (44) |
Sepsis | 100 (20) | 68 (68) | 32 (32) |
Abscess | 76 (15.2) | 35 (46) | 41 (54) |
LRTI | 69 (13.8) | 50 (72) | 19 (28) |
Skin infection | 53 (10.6) | 26 (49) | 27 (51) |
Diabetic ulcer | 25 (5) | 12 (48) | 13 (52) |
URTI | 23 (4.6) | 15 (65) | 8 (35) |
CNS infection | 18 (3.6) | 8 (44) | 10 (56) |
Abdominal infection | 8 (1.6) | 6 (75) | 2 (25) |
Burn | 5 (1) | 2 (40) | 3 (60) |
Total | 500 | 291 (58) | 209 (42) |
Microorganism | Total N (%) | Alignment of Empirical Use of Antibiotic with Antimicrobial Susceptibility Results | |
---|---|---|---|
Appropriate N (%) | Inappropriate N (%) | ||
Escherichia coli | 167 (33.4) | 90 (54) | 77 (46) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 74 (14.8) | 46 (62) | 28 (38) |
Acinetobacter baumannii | 66 (13.2) | 46 (70) | 20 (30) |
Enterococcus avium | 42 (8.4) | 21 (50) | 21 (50) |
Enterobacter cloacae | 28 (5.6) | 16 (57) | 12 (43) |
MRSA | 27 (5.4) | 16 (59) | 11 (41) |
Citrobacter koseri | 20 (4) | 12 (60) | 8 (40) |
Acinetobacter lwoffii | 14 (2.8) | 9 (64) | 5 (36) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 13 (2.6) | 7 (54) | 6 (46) |
Proteus mirabilis | 12 (2.4) | 7 (58) | 5 (42) |
Streptococcus agalactiae | 12 (2.4) | 6 (50) | 6 (50) |
Klebsiella pneumonia | 10 (2) | 5 (50) | 5 (50) |
Enterobacter aerogenes | 8 (1.6) | 6 (75) | 2 (25) |
Diphtheroids * | 7 (1.4) | 4 (57) | 3 (43) |
Total | 500 | 291 (58) | 209 (42) |
Comorbidities | Total (N = 261) N (%) | Empirical Use of Antibiotics | |
---|---|---|---|
Appropriate N (%) | Inappropriate N (%) | ||
Hypertension | 52 (19.9) | 32 (61.5) | 20 (38.5) |
Diabetes | 93 (35.6) | 81 (87) | 12 (13) |
Asthma | 16 (6.1) | 14 (87.5) | 2 (12.5) |
Chronic renal disease | 61 (23.4) | 54 (88.5) | 7 (11.5) |
Congestive heart failure | 7 (2.7) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (28.6) |
Ischemic heart disease | 14 (5.4) | 10 (71.4) | 4 (28.6) |
Hypothyroidism | 11 (4.2) | 9 (82) | 2 (18) |
Epilepsy | 7 (2.7) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) |
Tested Antibiotic | WHO AWaRe Group | Sensitivity Testing | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Sensitive N (%) | Resistance N (%) | ||
Imipenem | Watch | 367 | 212 (58) | 155 (42) |
Cefepime | Watch | 375 | 159 (42) | 216 (58) |
Oxacillin | Access | 29 | 14 (48) | 15 (52) |
Cefuroxime | Watch | 227 | 114 (50) | 113 (50) |
Tigecycline | Reserve | 144 | 133 (92) | 11 (8) |
Ceftriaxone | Watch | 122 | 61 (50) | 61 (50) |
Ciprofloxacin | Watch | 444 | 187 (42) | 257 (58) |
Linezolid | Reserve | 88 | 86 (98) | 2 (2) |
Levofloxacin | Watch | 317 | 155 (49) | 162 (51) |
Vancomycin | Watch | 100 | 96 (96) | 4 (4) |
Meropenem | Watch | 385 | 239 (60) | 146 (40) |
Ceftazidime | Reserve | 362 | 148 (41) | 214 (59) |
Cefotaxime | Watch | 238 | 119 (50) | 119 (50) |
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Almogbel, Y.; Mobark, M.A.; Almutairi, M.S.; Almogbel, F.S.; Rabbani, S.I.; Alhathloul, S.; Alamro, S.; Alatallah, L. The Appropriateness of Empirical Uses of Antibiotics Based on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Results for Inpatients at a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Antibiotics 2024, 13, 824. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090824
Almogbel Y, Mobark MA, Almutairi MS, Almogbel FS, Rabbani SI, Alhathloul S, Alamro S, Alatallah L. The Appropriateness of Empirical Uses of Antibiotics Based on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Results for Inpatients at a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(9):824. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090824
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmogbel, Yasser, Mugahid A. Mobark, Masaad S. Almutairi, Faisal S. Almogbel, Syed I. Rabbani, Sultan Alhathloul, Shada Alamro, and Lateefah Alatallah. 2024. "The Appropriateness of Empirical Uses of Antibiotics Based on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Results for Inpatients at a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia" Antibiotics 13, no. 9: 824. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090824