Diamine Fungal Inducers of Secondary Metabolism: 1,3-Diaminopropane and Spermidine Trigger Enzymes Involved in β-Alanine and Pantothenic Acid Biosynthesis, Precursors of Phosphopantetheine in the Activation of Multidomain Enzymes
Abstract
:1. Introduction: The Search for Inducers of the Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Fungi
2. Polyamines in Fungi and the Origin of the Propylamine Unit for the Biosynthesis of β-Alanine
2.1. Aminopropyl Transferases: Formation of Spermidine and Spermine
2.2. Conversion of Spermidine in Spermine
2.3. Polyamine Oxidases
Polyamine Oxidase in Penicillium chrysogenum
2.4. The 1,3-DAP Inducer Triggers Formation of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases That Convert 3-Aminopropanal to β-Alanine
2.5. Other Proteins Related to β-Alanine Biosynthesis in P. chrysogenum
2.5.1. Duplicated GABA Aminotransferases in Some Yeasts: Specificity for GABA or for β-Alanine as Substrates
2.5.2. GABA Aminotransferases in Filamentous Fungi
3. From β-Alanine to Phosphopantetheinyl Activation of Multimodular Enzymes
3.1. Pantothenic Acid in Yeast and Filamentous Fungi
3.1.1. The α-Ketopantoate Reductase: An Enigmatic Enzyme
3.1.2. The Pantoate and β-Alanine Condensing Enzyme
3.1.3. Intercellular Cross Feeding of Pantothenic Acid
3.2. Formation of Coenzyme A from Pantothenic Acid
3.2.1. The Pantothenate Kinase
3.2.2. Characterization of the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae PanK Gene
4. Activation of Antibiotic Biosynthetic Enzymes by Phosphopantetheinylation
How Many PPTases Are Involved in the Activation of Multidomain Synthetases?
5. Conclusions and Future Outlook
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
CoA | coenzyme A |
1,3-DAP | 1,3-diaminopropane |
DPCK | dephospho-CoA kinase |
FAD | flavin adenine dinucleotide |
FAS | fatty acid synthase |
GABA | γ-aminobutyric acid |
malonyl-SA | malonyl semialdehyde |
NADH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form |
NRPS | non-ribosomal peptide synthetase |
PAO | polyamine oxidase |
PAS | pantothenic acid synthetase |
PKS | polyketide synthetase |
PLP | pyridoxal phosphate |
PPTase | phosphopantetheine transferase |
PPCS | phosphopanthotenoylcysteine synthetase |
PPCDC | 4′-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase |
succinyl-SA | succinyl semialdehyde |
SAM | S-adenosylmethionine |
dcSAM | decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine |
SMO | spermidine oxidase |
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Martín, J.F.; Liras, P. Diamine Fungal Inducers of Secondary Metabolism: 1,3-Diaminopropane and Spermidine Trigger Enzymes Involved in β-Alanine and Pantothenic Acid Biosynthesis, Precursors of Phosphopantetheine in the Activation of Multidomain Enzymes. Antibiotics 2024, 13, 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090826
Martín JF, Liras P. Diamine Fungal Inducers of Secondary Metabolism: 1,3-Diaminopropane and Spermidine Trigger Enzymes Involved in β-Alanine and Pantothenic Acid Biosynthesis, Precursors of Phosphopantetheine in the Activation of Multidomain Enzymes. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(9):826. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090826
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín, Juan Francisco, and Paloma Liras. 2024. "Diamine Fungal Inducers of Secondary Metabolism: 1,3-Diaminopropane and Spermidine Trigger Enzymes Involved in β-Alanine and Pantothenic Acid Biosynthesis, Precursors of Phosphopantetheine in the Activation of Multidomain Enzymes" Antibiotics 13, no. 9: 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090826