Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Inpatient Antibiotic and Antifungal Drug Prescribing Volumes in Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Changes in Patient Days and Drug Volumes
2.2. Drug Use Density Trends
2.3. Sensitivity Analyses Using Antibacterial DDD and Extrapolation to National Consumption
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Setting and Definitions
4.2. Analysis and Statistics
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hospital Size/Type | Total | Location * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
East | West | South | ||
Non-university hospitals | ||||
<200 beds | 83 | 20 | 24 | 39 |
200–399 beds | 103 | 25 | 44 | 34 |
400–800 beds | 54 | 6 | 32 | 16 |
>800 beds | 17 | 5 | 7 | 5 |
University hospitals | 22 | 4 | 10 | 8 |
Total | 279 | 60 | 117 | 102 |
Hospital Size/Type | Antibacterial Drugs (% Change) | Antifungal Drugs (% Change) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
Non-university hospitals | ||||||
<200 beds | −12.5 | −14.1 | −13.2 | +18.7 | +36.0 | +3.0 |
200–399 beds | −8.1 | −12.9 | −11.1 | +6.9 | +22.1 | +12.5 |
400–800 beds | −9.2 | −10.9 | −8.1 | −0.9 | +2.4 | +1.6 |
>800 beds | −10.3 | −12.1 | −11.6 | +4.9 | +12.3 | −0.2 |
University hospitals | −8.6 | −8.2 | −9.2 | −0.4 | +3.0 | −0.9 |
Total (% change) | −9.7 | −11.0 | −10.1 | +1.4 | +6.4 | +0.7 |
Antibacterial Drug/Class | % Change | ||
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
Carbapenems | +1.2 | +7.0 | +4.0 |
3°/4° Cephalosporins | −4.6 | −5.3 | −6.4 |
1°/2° Cephalosporins | −19.2 | −25.1 | −26.7 |
Broad-spectrum penicillins | −1.3 | +4.5 | +8.3 |
Aminopenicillin-BLI | −8.6 | −9.8 | −0.2 |
Narrow-spectrum penicillins | −11.6 | −10.5 | −5.5 |
Fluoroquinolones | −22.7 | −30.6 | −32.8 |
Macrolides & clindamycin | −9.5 | −17.3 | −18.4 |
Glycopeptides & linezolid | +0.4 | +0.7 | +1.8 |
others | −12.8 | −15.8 | −19.4 |
Total (pooled) | −9.7 | −11.0 | −10.1 |
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Kern, W.V.; Steib-Bauert, M.; Baumann, J.; Kramme, E.; Först, G.; de With, K. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Inpatient Antibiotic and Antifungal Drug Prescribing Volumes in Germany. Antibiotics 2024, 13, 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090837
Kern WV, Steib-Bauert M, Baumann J, Kramme E, Först G, de With K. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Inpatient Antibiotic and Antifungal Drug Prescribing Volumes in Germany. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(9):837. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090837
Chicago/Turabian StyleKern, Winfried V., Michaela Steib-Bauert, Jürgen Baumann, Evelyn Kramme, Gesche Först, and Katja de With. 2024. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Inpatient Antibiotic and Antifungal Drug Prescribing Volumes in Germany" Antibiotics 13, no. 9: 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090837