Insights into Acinetobacter baumannii: A Review of Microbiological, Virulence, and Resistance Traits in a Threatening Nosocomial Pathogen
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Taxonomy and Microbiological Properties of Acinetobacter baumannii
3. Associated Infections and Clinical Impact of A. baumannii
3.1. Respiratory Infections
3.2. Bloodstream Infections
3.3. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
3.4. Urinary Tract Infections
3.5. Meningitis
4. A. baumannii Virulence Factors
4.1. Outer Membrane Proteins (Porins)
4.2. Cell Envelope Factors (LPS and Capsule)
4.3. Enzymes
4.4. Capsular Polysaccharide Composition and Outer Membrane Resistance to Desiccation and Disinfection
4.5. Biofilm Production and Quorum Sensing
4.6. Motility
4.7. Micronutrient Acquisition Systems
4.8. Protein Secretion Systems
4.9. Others
5. Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in A. baumannii
5.1. β-lactams
5.1.1. Ambler Class A Enzymes
5.1.2. Ambler Class B Enzymes
5.1.3. Ambler Class C Enzymes
5.1.4. Ambler Class D Enzymes
5.1.5. Nonenzymatic β-lactam Resistance Mechanisms
5.2. Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines
5.3. Fluoroquinolones
5.4. Aminoglycosides
5.5. Macrolides
5.6. Polymyxins
Antibiotic | Resistance Mechanism | Enzyme/target/ Permeability Defect | Example | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
β-lactams | β-lactamases | Ambler class A | ESBLs of the families TEM, SHV, CTX-M, PER and VEB | [129,130,131,132] |
SCO-1 (narrow spectrum) | [134] | |||
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing ESBL of GES-type (GES-11) | [135,136] | |||
KPC-2 | [139] | |||
KPC-3 | [138,139] | |||
KPC-5 | [137] | |||
Ambler class B | NDM | [143,144,145,146,147] | ||
VIM | [148] | |||
GIM | [149] | |||
SIM | [150] | |||
IMP | [151,152,153] | |||
Ambler class C | AmpC-69, AmpC-70, AmpC-71, and ADC-196 | [2,157,158] | ||
Ambler class D | OXA-23-like | [20,136,164,165,167,170] | ||
OXA24/40-like | [159] | |||
OXA-51-like | [20,166] | |||
OXA-58-like | [169] | |||
OXA-143-like | [161] | |||
OXA-235-like | [162] | |||
Permeability lesions | Outer membrane porin downregulation | CarO | [171,172,174] | |
OmpA, Omp33, OprB, Omp25, OprC, OprD, and OmpW | [175] | |||
Efflux pump overactivity | RND pump | AdeABC | [2,176,177] | |
Target mutation | PBP | PBP6b (dacD) | [173,174] | |
Tertacyclines | Efflux pump overactivity | RND pump | AdeABC, AdeIJK, and AcrAB-TolC | [179,180,181,182,183,184,185] |
Tet pump | TetA and TetB | [180] | ||
Ribosomal protection | Tetracycline dissociation from ribosome | Tet(O) and Tet(M) | [180,186,187,188] | |
Fluoroquinolones | Target mutation | DNA gyrase | GyrA | [191,192] |
DNA topoisomerase IV | ParC | [191,192] | ||
Efflux pump overactivity | RND pump | AdeABC | [81,191] | |
MATE family | AbeM | [194] | ||
Aminoglycosides | Drug inactivating enzymes | Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes | AAC(3)-Ia | [185] |
AAC(3′)-Ia | [200] | |||
ANT(2′)-Ia | [200] | |||
ANT(3″)-Ia | [199] | |||
Target mutation | 16sRNA methylase genes | armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, and rmtD | [197,201] | |
Efflux pump overactivity | RND pumps | AdeABC | [175,202] | |
Macrolides | Efflux pump overactivity | SMR pump | AbeS | [204] |
Polymyxins | Target mutation | Lipid A modification by PetN transferase | PmrC | [208,209,210] |
MCR-1 | [214] | |||
MCR-4 | [215,216] | |||
Lack of lipid A biosynthesis | LpxA, LpxC, or LpxD | [211] | ||
Decreased stability of outer membrane | LpsB, LptD, and VacJ | [212] | ||
Reduced biotin synthesis | LpsB | [207,212,213] |
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ayoub Moubareck, C.; Hammoudi Halat, D. Insights into Acinetobacter baumannii: A Review of Microbiological, Virulence, and Resistance Traits in a Threatening Nosocomial Pathogen. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9030119
Ayoub Moubareck C, Hammoudi Halat D. Insights into Acinetobacter baumannii: A Review of Microbiological, Virulence, and Resistance Traits in a Threatening Nosocomial Pathogen. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(3):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9030119
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyoub Moubareck, Carole, and Dalal Hammoudi Halat. 2020. "Insights into Acinetobacter baumannii: A Review of Microbiological, Virulence, and Resistance Traits in a Threatening Nosocomial Pathogen" Antibiotics 9, no. 3: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9030119