Next Article in Journal
A Bio-Based Render for Insulating Agglomerated Cork Panels
Next Article in Special Issue
Influence of Dolomite Rock Powder and Iron Tailings Powder on the Electrical Resistivity, Strength and Microstructure of Cement Pastes and Concrete
Previous Article in Journal
Thermal Shock Behavior and Particle Erosion Resistance of Toughened GZ Coatings Prepared by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
Previous Article in Special Issue
Experimental Study on Axial Compressive Behavior of Gangue Aggregate Concrete Filled FRP and Thin-Walled Steel Double Tubular Columns
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Coatings
Volume 11
Issue 12
10.3390/coatings11121475
coatings-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Influence of Recycled Concrete Powder (RCP) and Recycled Brick Powder (RBP) on the Physical/Mechanical Properties and Durability of Raw Soil

by
Li’an Zhou
1,
Yang Liu
1,
Jiacheng Lu
2,
Wenjuan Zhou
1,* and
Hui Wang
3,4,*
1
School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
2
School of Economics and Management, Jiangsu Vocational College of Finance and Economics, Huaian 223003, China
3
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
4
State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 210000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1475; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121475
Submission received: 28 October 2021 / Revised: 28 November 2021 / Accepted: 29 November 2021 / Published: 30 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interface and Surface Modification for Durable Concretes)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The influence of recycled concrete powder (RCP) and recycled brick powder (RBP) on the dry density, optimal water content, and compressive strength of raw soil materials was investigated in this study. Moreover, the following resistance of freeze–thaw cycles was also considered. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were selected to detect its mineral composition and observe the microstructure, further revealing the mechanism of performance change. The mass ratios of recycled concrete powder and recycled brick powder were 2~14%. Results showed that the dry density decreased and the optimal water content increased with the increasing dosage of recycled concrete powder and recycled brick powder. When the dosage of RCP or RBP was lower than 14%, raw soil with RCP showed higher optimal water content and lower dry density. However, when the dosage was higher than 14%, the result was the opposite. The addition of recycled concrete powder and recycled brick powder was able to decrease the compressive strength of raw soil, except for 10% of recycled brick powder. Raw soil with recycled brick powder presented higher compressive strength than that of raw soil with recycled concrete powder. RBP could improve the freeze–thaw cycles’ resistance of specimens; however, RCP led to decreasing the resistance of freeze–thaw cycles. These research findings can provide reference to the recycling of construction waste.

1. Introduction

The source of building materials is very extensive. Artificial construction building materials, such as cement and other binder materials, release large amounts of harmful gas during production. For eco-environmental production needs, construction building materials should be manufactured without harmful substances. Raw soil is clean production produced by natural, undisturbed soil as the main raw material. The raw soil can be used in house construction through simple processing without high-temperature treatment [1,2]. Compared with modern building materials, raw soil materials possess thermal insulation performance, which not only maintains its ecological and natural essence but also can be recycled [3,4]. The history of raw soil architecture can be traced back to 8000 years ago; but its low strength and poor durability restrict its application in modern architectural engineering. How to improve the strength and durability of raw soil material while ensuring its excellent thermal insulation performance is the critical factor to its popularization and application.
Aiming at solving this problem, scholars at home and abroad have made a lot of exploration and research on the modification of raw soil materials [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. The addition of cement, lime, and fiber can change the mineral composition and microstructure from the perspective of chemistry and physics. Recycled micro powders are powder particles with particle sizes of less than 0.075 mm, obtained from the regeneration treatment of construction waste. This kind of materials is composed of amorphous SiO2 and Al2O3, possessing a micro aggregate effect and certain potential activity. The recycled micro powder is in a trial stage, and it is mostly used as mineral admixture to replace cement in different proportions for concrete and its products [26,27,28]. Many studies about waste-modified raw soil materials have been reported. Kasinikota et al. [29] reported that brick waste can significantly improve the durability of raw soil materials. Bogas et al. [30] pointed out that the addition of 4% of recycled aggregate can improve the waterproof performance of raw soil materials. Qian et al. [31,32] discovered that desulfurization waste from coal-fired power plants was able to modify raw soil materials and improve the strength of raw soil materials, leading significantly to reducing the drying shrinkage and finally improving the water resistance.
However, the study on the modification of raw soil materials with recycled micro powder has not been reported. Exploring the mechanism of recycled micro powder-modified raw soil materials and the feasibility of an engineering application can support the expansion of the application field of recycled micro powder and improve the green level of raw soil buildings. Moreover, the influence of freeze–thaw cycles on the properties’ decay of raw soil has not been reported.
In this study, the influence of the recycled micro powder on the density and mechanical strengths of raw soil materials with recycled concrete powder (RCP) and the recycled brick powder (RBP) is reported. Moreover, the following freeze–thaw resistance, the loss performance, and the influence of recycled micro powders on the microstructures were researched.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Raw Materials

The raw soil (RS) was provided by Beijing General Research Institute of Building Materials Science Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, possessing the air-drying water content of 1.5%, the plasticity index of 14.44%, and the maximum dry density of 1.79 g/cm3. The recycled micro powder included recycled concrete powder (RCP) and recycled brick powder (RBP), manufactured by Beijing solid waste Tong solid waste resource utilization Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, was used in this research. Table 1 and Figure 1 show the chemical compositions and particle passing percentages of raw soil, RCP, and the RBP. The particle size was obtained by a Mastersizer 3000 Laser Particle Size Analyzer (Malvern Instruments Co., Ltd., Malvern, UK). Table 2 shows the mixing proportions of the specimens.

2.2. Samples’ Preparation and Measurement

The maximum dry density and optimal water content were determined by a light compaction method, according to GB/T50123-2019 [33].
The optimal water content and the maximum dry density were determined following these steps:
The basic water content of the soil was 12%. Five samples were prepared for each group with a difference of 2% of water added in turn. The soil was tamped by a BKJ-III multifunctional electric compaction instrument of Beijing tianchangtongda Instrument Co., Ltd., Beijing, China. The Tcy-20 hydraulic electric demolder was used for demolding. The specimens were prepared by tamp forming. The raw materials were poured into the molds at three layers after mixing. Before the tamping of each layer, the tamped surface of the previous layer should have been roughened. After the tamp forming, the specimens with sizes of 40 mm × 40 mm × 40 mm were prepared. All specimens were dried in the DHG-P240B electric constant temperature blast-drying oven at the temperature of 60 ± 5 °C for 24 h to a constant weight. After this step, the samples were used for the measurement of the maximum dry density and the corresponding optimal water content. After that, all specimens were taken out and placed in a room at 20 ± 5 °C for cooling for 20 min. After the cooling, the specimens were placed in the concrete slow-freezing box with the pneumatic air melting. Each freeze–thaw cycle included freezing for 2 h at −20 °C and melting for 2 h at 20 °C. When 20 freeze–thaw cycles were finished, the mass and mechanical strengths of the specimens were determined. The water absorption and desorption rates were tested following these steps:
The dried samples were placed in a standard curing room (a temperature of 20 ± 2 °C and a humidity of 95%) and the mass was tested for 24 h; the mass increasing rate was defined as water absorption rates. After the determination of water absorption rates was finished, the samples were removed to the environment with a temperature of 20 ± 2 °C and a humidity of 40%. The method of mass test was the same as that of the determination of water absorption rates. The mass increasing rate was calculated after the mass weighing was finished.
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was observed by a JSM-6360LV scanning electron microscope (Japan electron optics laboratory, Tokyo, Japan) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum was obtained by a D8 discover X-ray diffractometer of Brooke company, Berlin, Germany, respectively. A Gemini SEM 300 field emission scanning electron microscope was selected to observe the microstructure of specimens. Before the XRD measurement, all samples were dried in the electrothermal blower-dryer at the temperature of 60 ± 5 °C for 3 days. After drying, all samples were cooled at room temperature (20 ± 2 °C) for 2 h. The central fragments of samples were taken out and ground into powder by mortar. The ground powder was used for the XRD research after passing a 45-μm square hole sieve-screening treatment. The surfaces of the dried testing samples were sprayed with gold. After that, the samples were used for determination by the Gemini SEM 300 field emission scanning electron microscope.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Mechanical Properties

Figure 1 depicts the particle size distributions of raw materials. As shown in Figure 1, the particle sizes of RS, RBP, and RCP were 1–100 μm, 0.5–200 μm, and 0.7–800 μm, respectively. Moreover, the peak values of bulk density of RS, RBP, and RCP corresponded to the particle sizes of 50, 61.2 and 5.4 μm, respectively. As obtained from Figure 1, fineness decreased in this order: RCP > RS > RBP.
Figure 2 shows the maximum dry density and optimal water content of raw soil materials with different dosages of recycled powder. As can be observed from Figure 2, the maximum dry density of raw soil materials decreased with the increasing dosage of recycled powder. Moreover, the optimal water content of RBP and RCP increased obviously with the dosage of recycled powder ranging from 0% to 10% or 20%. However, when the dosage of recycled powder increased from 10% to 30% or increased from 20% to 30%, the optimal water content of RBP and RCP reached stable values. When the content of recycled powder was lower than 10%, the RBP showed lower maximum dry density and higher optimal water content. However, when the content of recycled powder was equal to or higher than 10%, the result was the opposite. The increasing dosage of micro powder could lead to decreasing the pore barrier in the material, which affects the electrostatic attraction and Van der Waals force between particles. At the same time, the sliding friction between micro powder and soil particles in the process of reorientation and arrangement decreased, resulting in the reduction of maximum dry density [34]. As can be obtained from Figure 2, the relationships of the maximum dry density and the optimal water content corresponded to the cubic function. The fitting degrees of all curves were higher than 0.90, indicating the rationality of fitting results.
Figure 3 shows the compressive strength of recycled micro-powder raw soil materials. All specimens were cured at the temperature of 20 ± 2 °C and relative humidity of 40 ± 2% for 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively. As depicted in Figure 3, the compressive strength decreased with the increasing dosages of RBP and RCP (besides the condition of raw soil materials with 10% RBP cured for 28 days). However, the compressive strength of soil materials increased with the increasing curing age. Furthermore, the soil materials with RBP demonstrated higher compressive strength than that with RCP. This was attributed to the fact that the RBP showed higher activity, which could promote the hydration of raw materials, leading to forming more hydrated calcium silicates and calcium hydroxides, thus increasing the compressive strength of soil materials [35,36,37].

3.2. Durability

Figure 4 depicts the mass of specimens during this time. As illustrated in Figure 4, the mass of specimens increased rapidly with the time ranging from 1 to 7 days (the moisture absorption rate was higher than 5%). Meanwhile, when the time increased from 7 to 16 days, the mass of specimens varied stably. When the time was 13 days, the mass of specimens reached the maximum values. This was attributed to the fact that a lot of micro pores and micro gaps on the surface of raw soil materials and inside raw soil particles. The water absorption process was mainly surface physical adsorption within 7 days, and the water absorption rate was fast, which accounted for the main part of the water absorption quality of raw soil materials. However, when the time was higher than 7 days, the surface physical adsorption was finished and the mass of specimens rarely changed. At this stage, the hydration process was the main reason for the mass variation of specimens [38]. When the time was 13 d, the hydration process was basically complete and the mass of specimens reached the maximum value. However, when the time increased from 13 to 16 days, the mass decreased slowly due to some damages in the raw soil. When the dosage of RBP or RCP ranged from 2% to 10%, the mass of absorbed water decreased due to the filling effect. However, when the dosage of RBP or RCP increased from 10% to14%, the absorbed water decreased due to damage of water absorption expansion. Raw materials with RCP showed higher water absorption performance.
Figure 5 shows the mass and compressive loss rates of recycled micro powder raw soil materials. As illustrated in Figure 5, the mass and compressive strength loss rates increased with the increasing dosage of recycled powder due to the surface spalling and inner cracks of raw soil materials [39,40]. As can be observed from Figure 5, the compressive strength loss rates of raw soil materials with RCP were higher than that with RBP. This was attributed to the fact that RBP with higher activity led to more adequate hydration and compactness of raw soil materials [41]. Moreover, the granularity of RBP was more similar to that of RCP, resulting in a better filling effect of raw soil. Therefore, the frozen-heave stress was decreased, thus improving the resistance of freeze–thaw cycles.

3.3. Microscopic Analysis

Figure 6a shows the XRD images of RBP-10%, RCP-10%, and RS-100% cured for 28 days. Figure 6b,c shows RBP-10% with different curing ages and RCP-10% with different cuing ages, respectively. The boxes in the figures indicate the same chemical compound. As illustrated in Figure 6a, Compared with RS-100%, the characteristic peaks of Ca(OH)2, SiO2, and AFt of RCP-10% were more obvious, while RCP-10% showed the highest characteristic peaks of Ca(OH)2, SiO2, and CaCO3 than that of RS-100%. It can be observed from Figure 6b that the characteristic peaks of Ca(OH)2, AFT, and CaCO3 increased with the curing ages. However, when the curing age increased, the characteristic peak of SiO2 rarely changed. This was attributed to the higher activity of RBP and the carbonization of Ca(OH)2. As seen in Figure 6c, the increase of curing ages resulted in higher characteristic peaks of Ca (OH)2 and Aft [42,43,44]. However, with the increasing curing ages, little change occurred to the characteristic peaks of CaCO3.
The microstructures of specimens with 100% RS, 10% RBP, and 10% RCP were clearly observed by SEM images, as shown in Figure 7. As illustrated in Figure 7, the structure of specimens with 100% RS, formed by the bonding of soil particles, was relatively loose and the pores were unevenly distributed. The structural units distributed around the pores and soil particles were embedded within each other [45]. It can be observed in Figure 7 that specimens with 10% RCP contained more cracks than the specimens with 10% RBP and specimens with 100 RS, indicating that the specimens with 10% RCP possessed lower mechanical strength.

4. Conclusions

In this study, the physical and mechanical properties and durability of raw soil with recycled concrete powder and recycled brick powder were investigated. The conclusions are summarized as follows.
The dry density of raw soil decreased in quadratic function with the increasing dosage of recycled concrete powder and recycled brick powder. However, the relationships between the dosages of recycled concrete powder/recycled brick powder and the optimal water content were positive quadratic functions.
When the dosage of recycled concrete powder or recycled brick powder was lower than 14%, the raw soil with recycled concrete powder showed higher water content and lower dry density. However, when the dosage was higher than 14%, the result was the opposite.
The recycled concrete powder and recycled brick powder led to decreasing the compressive strength of raw soil, except 10% recycled brick powder. The compressive strength of raw soil with recycled brick was higher than that of raw soil with recycled concrete powder.
The freeze–thaw cycles’ resistance of specimens was the best, while the addition of recycled concrete powder could result in decreasing the resistance of freeze–thaw cycles. The water absorption rates of raw soil with 10% recycled brick powder or recycled concrete powder were the highest of all dosages. The raw soil with recycled concrete powder showed higher water absorption than that with recycled brick powder. These research findings can provide reference to the recycling of construction waste.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.W., L.Z. and Y.L.; methodology, L.Z.; software, Y.L.; validation, L.Z. and Y.L.; formal analysis, L.Z. and J.L.; investigation, J.L.; resources, L.Z.; data curation, J.L. and Y.L.; writing—original draft preparation, L.Z. and J.L.; writing—review and editing, H.W.; visualization, L.Z. and Y.L.; supervision, W.Z.; project administration, L.Z. and W.Z.; funding acquisition, L.Z. and W.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant No. 51808300 and No. 5160082245].

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Xu, P. Analysis on the development and application of modern earth building. J. Guangdong Build. Mater. 2016, 12, 66–68. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  2. Mu, J. Modern raw soil construction technology and rural house construction in my country. EB OL. 2017, 6, 14. Available online: https://max.book118.com/html/2017/0614/115114822.shtm (accessed on 28 November 2021). (In Chinese).
  3. Meng, S.P.; Wang, J.K. Analysis of earth dwellings’ architectural climate adaptability in south of sichuan. J. Hous. Sci. 2016, 36, 27–30. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  4. Dmdok, D. Properties of compressed interlock earth blocks manufactured from locally available lateritic soil for low cost housing projects. In Advanced Engineering Forum; Trans Tech Publications Ltd.: Zurich, Switzerland, 2021; Volume 39, pp. 85–93. [Google Scholar]
  5. Liu, J.X.; Zhang, L.; Yang, J.J. International advances inraw soil materials. J. Mater. Rep. 2012, 26, 14–17+46. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  6. Lin, G.H.; Ye, H.D. Experimental research on raw soil materials modified by cotton straw. J. Tianjin Chengjian Univ. 2018, 24, 196–199. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  7. Shi, J.; Li, M.; Wang, Y.H.; Wang, C.Y. The test study of the engineering properties on the earth material of earth rammed construction. Sichuan Build. Sci. 2006, 4, 86–87+110. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  8. Kim, Y.T.; Kim, H.J.; Lee, G.H. Mechanical behavior of lightweight soil reinforced with waste fishing net. Geotext. Geomembr. 2008, 26, 512–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Wang, Y.; Wu, Q.; Wang, T.; Liu, F.; Zhang, K. Analysis for effects of gravel contents on compression behavior of raw-soil specimens. Build. Struct. 2017, 47, 76–79. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  10. Mesbah, A.; Morel, J.C.; Walker, P.; Ghavami, K. Development of a direct tensile test for compacted earth blocks reinforced with natural fibers. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2004, 16, 95–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Wang, Y.H.; Ding, S.Y.; Yang, S.H.; Zhang, K.; Song, P. Experimental study on the performance of raw soilmaterial modified by glass and bamboo fiber. J. Xi’an Univ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 5, 640–646. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  12. Zhang, K.; Wang, Y.H.; Yang, Z.; Liu, L.; Yang, S.H. Experimental analysis on compressive test of raw soil material modified by river sand. Build. Struct. 2019, 49, 86–90. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  13. Hejazi, S.M.; Sheikhzadeh, M.; Abtahi, S.M.; Zadhoush, A. A simple review of soil reinforcement by using natural and synthetic fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 30, 100–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Pullen, Q.M. Strength and Composition of Willamette Valley Cob: An Earthen Building Material. Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
  15. Winsley, B.; Muthukannan, M. Glass fiber reinforced compressed stabilized earth block—A green alternative to cement concrete blocks. Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol. 2020, 9, 196–199. [Google Scholar]
  16. Seevaratnam, V.; Uthayakumar, D.; Sathiparan, N. Influence of rice husk ash on characteristics of earth cement blocks. MRS Adv. 2020, 5, 2793–2805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Liu, Z.H.; Yang, J.J.; Chen, B. Experimental study on properties of modified raw soil material adding phosphogypsum and fly ash. J. Fly Ash Compr. Util. 2016, 1, 3–6+11. [Google Scholar]
  18. Reddy, B.V.V.; Kumar, P.P. Cement stabilised rammed earth. Part A: Compaction characteristics and physical properties of compacted cement stabilised soils. J. Mater. Struct. 2011, 44, 681–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Qian, J.S.; Yin, D.D.; Yu, D.X.; Fan, Y.R.; Huang, Y.B. Effect of polycarboxylate water reducing agent on performance of modified adobe. J. Build. Mater. 2019, 22, 378–384+400. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  20. Yang, Y.; Zhang, S.Q.; Rong, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, Y.; Wang, X.P.; Yang, J.J. Modification effect and mechanism of cement-based materials on raw soil. J. Bull. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 2019, 38, 929–936. [Google Scholar]
  21. Yan, Y.; Zhang, S.Q.; Rong, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, Y.; Wang, X.P.; Yang, J.J. Study on the effect and mechanism of lime-based materials on raw soil modification. J. Funct. Mater. 2019, 50, 4067–4073. [Google Scholar]
  22. Ngowi, A.B. Improving the traditional earth construction: A case study of Botswana. Constr. Build. Mater. 1997, 11, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Zhang, L.; Yang, L.; Ma, X.L.; He, J.T.; Zhun, S.P. Strength characteristic of stabilized earth material under freezing and thawing cycle. J. Bull. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 2016, 35, 2094–2100. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  24. Chelladurai, G.M. Compressed stabilized earth block using fly ash and quarry dust. Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng. 2020, 9, 714–716. [Google Scholar]
  25. Edris, W.; Matalkah, F.; Sbaih, A.A.; Hailat, R. Characteristics of hollow compressed earth block stabilized using cement, lime, and sodium silicate. Civ. Environ. Eng. 2021, 17, 200–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Fan, Y.H.; Li, Y.; Kang, X.M. Effect of regenerated powder and fly ash on mechanical properties and micro structure of mortar. J. Bull. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 2019, 38, 232–237. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  27. Lv, X.Y.; Wang, L.S.; Chen, X.; Li, Q.Y. Experimental study on the activity of concrete recycled powder. J. Qingdao Univ. Technol. 2009, 30, 137–139+179. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  28. Zhou, W.J.; Ji, Z.Y.; Zhao, L.; He, G.X. Basic material properties of construction waste recycled micro-powder and its influence on the performance of cement mortar. J. China Concr. Cem. Prod. 2019, 93–96. [Google Scholar]
  29. Kasinikota, P.; Tripura, D.D. Evaluation of compressed stabilized earth block properties using crushed brick waste. J. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 280, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Bogas, J.A.; Silva, M.; Glória Gomes, M. Unstabilized and stabilized compressed earth blocks with partial incorporation of recycled aggregates. Int. J. Archit. Herit. 2018, 13, 569–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Qian, J.S.; Wang, Q.; Jia, X.W.; Bie, A.T. Modification experimental research on rammed earth material for Hanzhong rural traditional house. J. N. Build. Mater. 2009, 36, 28–31. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  32. Zhang, B.; Wang, Y.; Xue, L.J. Modification experimental research on rammed earth material for Hanzhong rural traditional houses. J. N. Build. Mater. 2017, 44, 64–66. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  33. Light Compaction Method; GB/T50123-2019; The State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision: Beijing, China, 2019.
  34. Chen, X.; Li, Q.Y.; Yang, X.N.; Lian, X.C. Properties and application of recycled fine powder. J. Qingdao Univ. Technol. 2013, 34, 17–21. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  35. He, Z.H.; Zhang, M.Y.; Zhan, P.M.; Yang, Y.F.; Lan, B. Effect of hybrid recycled powder on mechanical properties and microstructure of ultra-high performance concrete. J. China Concr. Cem. Prod. 2021, 5, 85–90. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  36. Liu, C.; Hu, T.F.; Liu, H.W.; Yu, W.H.; Hu, H.M. Effect of recycled composite micro-powder on mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete. J. Build. Mater. 2021, 24, 726–735. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  37. Lei, Z.J.; Zhang, K.; Yang, Z.S.; Wang, Y.H.; Pu, Y.H. Mechanical behavior and strength relationship of raw soil material in different curing time. J. Fly Ash Compr. Util. 2019, 2, 11–15. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  38. Liu, J.X.; Wu, X.B.; Zhang, M.L.; Wang, S.Q.; Hai, R. Influence of modification on characteristics of moisture transportation of earth materials. J. Build. Mater. 2018, 21, 1012–1016. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  39. Wang, J.; Wang, F.C.; He, Z.; Jiang, X.X. Research on key techniques of reinforcing microscopic structure and property based on raw soil. J. N. Build. Mater. 2017, 44, 118–123. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  40. Chen, J.Y.; Yang, S.S.; Xu, R.C. Study on performance of concrete prepared with waste brick powder as mineral admixture. Block-Brick-Tile 2017, 5, 87–89. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  41. Zhang, P.; Gu, L.L.; Li, K.; Wang, Z.M.; Lu, X. Study on frost resistance and sulfate resistance of concrete with recycled fine powder. J. China Concr. Cem. Prod. 2020, 3, 27–30. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  42. Zhou, M.K. Design, Preparation and Mechanism Research of High-Performance Cement-Based Soil Solidification Materials. Master’s Thesis, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China, 2001. (In Chinese). [Google Scholar]
  43. He, X.Y.; Chen, Y.M.; Zhang, W. Composition, structure and stabilization of soil. J. Geotech. Eng. Tech. 2003, 129–133. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  44. Zhao, X.G. Synthesis of Calcium Silicate Hydrate and Its Composition, Structure and Morphology. Master’s Thesis, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China, 2010. (In Chinese). [Google Scholar]
  45. Zhang, S.; Qiangong, C.; Wei, Z.; Fanchao, M. Analysis of microstructure feature and collapsibility of undisturbed Loess. J. Eng. Geol. 2007, 5, 646–653. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
Coatings 11 01475 g001 550
Figure 1. Particle size distributions.
Figure 1. Particle size distributions.
Coatings 11 01475 g001
Coatings 11 01475 g002 550
Figure 2. The maximum dry density and optimal water content of raw soil materials.
Figure 2. The maximum dry density and optimal water content of raw soil materials.
Coatings 11 01475 g002
Coatings 11 01475 g003a 550Coatings 11 01475 g003b 550
Figure 3. Compressive strength of recycled micro powder raw soil material.
Figure 3. Compressive strength of recycled micro powder raw soil material.
Coatings 11 01475 g003aCoatings 11 01475 g003b
Coatings 11 01475 g004 550
Figure 4. Mass of specimens over time.
Figure 4. Mass of specimens over time.
Coatings 11 01475 g004
Coatings 11 01475 g005 550
Figure 5. Freeze–thaw properties of specimens.
Figure 5. Freeze–thaw properties of specimens.
Coatings 11 01475 g005
Coatings 11 01475 g006a 550Coatings 11 01475 g006b 550
Figure 6. XRD patterns of recycled micro powder raw soil material. (a) RBP-10%, RCP-10%, and RS-100% cured for 28 d. (b) RBP-10% with different curing ages. (c) RCP-10% with different curing ages.
Figure 6. XRD patterns of recycled micro powder raw soil material. (a) RBP-10%, RCP-10%, and RS-100% cured for 28 d. (b) RBP-10% with different curing ages. (c) RCP-10% with different curing ages.
Coatings 11 01475 g006aCoatings 11 01475 g006b
Coatings 11 01475 g007 550
Figure 7. SEM micrographs of specimens: (a) RS-100%; (b) RBP-10%; (c) RCP-10%.
Figure 7. SEM micrographs of specimens: (a) RS-100%; (b) RBP-10%; (c) RCP-10%.
Coatings 11 01475 g007
Table
Table 1. Main chemical compositions (%).
Table 1. Main chemical compositions (%).
TypesSiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOK2OMgONa2OTiO2SO3
RS63.029817.65456.73013.94163.47032.23311.26230.9268-
RBP51.153012.85425.340219.58332.59185.25351.5004-0.6033
RCP43.44909.91664.573128.33672.14888.54411.1369-0.7135
Table
Table 2. The mixing proportions of specimens.
Table 2. The mixing proportions of specimens.
SpecimensRaw SoilRBPRCPWater
RS-100%1000015.01
RBP-2%982015.41
RBP-6%946015.87
RBP-10%9010016.23
RBP-14%8614016.55
RBP-20%8020017.91
RBP-30%7030017.62
RCP-2%980215.63
RCP-6%940616.21
RCP-10%9001016.74
RCP-14%8601417.05
RCP-20%8002017.21
RCP-30%7003017.25
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhou, L.; Liu, Y.; Lu, J.; Zhou, W.; Wang, H. Influence of Recycled Concrete Powder (RCP) and Recycled Brick Powder (RBP) on the Physical/Mechanical Properties and Durability of Raw Soil. Coatings 2021, 11, 1475. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121475

AMA Style

Zhou L, Liu Y, Lu J, Zhou W, Wang H. Influence of Recycled Concrete Powder (RCP) and Recycled Brick Powder (RBP) on the Physical/Mechanical Properties and Durability of Raw Soil. Coatings. 2021; 11(12):1475. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121475

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhou, Li’an, Yang Liu, Jiacheng Lu, Wenjuan Zhou, and Hui Wang. 2021. "Influence of Recycled Concrete Powder (RCP) and Recycled Brick Powder (RBP) on the Physical/Mechanical Properties and Durability of Raw Soil" Coatings 11, no. 12: 1475. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121475

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop