Influence of Interface Temperature on the Electric Contact Characteristics of a C-Cu Sliding System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Device
2.2. Test Conditions and Test Materials
2.3. Test Data Processing
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Influence of Interface Temperature on ECR under Different Current
3.2. Influence of Interface Temperature on Arc Discharge under Different Current
3.3. Phase Composition Analysis under Different Interface Temperature
3.4. Temperature Distribution of C-Cu Contact Spot under Different Interface Temperature
3.4.1. Finite Element Model of C-Cu Contacts in Pantograph-Contact Line System
3.4.2. Analysis of the Thermal Process of the C-Cu Contact Spots in a Pantograph-Contact Line System
- (1)
- Material properties, such as density and thermal conductivity, change little within a certain temperature range, which can be ignored. In the simulation calculation, the material characteristics of carbon, copper, and their contact interface remain unchanged;
- (2)
- The friction heat and joule heat are completely absorbed by the C-Cu contact spots;
- (3)
- The distance between each contact spot is far enough, and relative to their size, so the interaction between the contact spots can be ignored;
- (4)
- The initial temperature of the carbon slider surface is set as the interface temperatures that are controlled by the external heat source in the test. The copper contact line is considered to be infinitely long, and the position that is far enough from the contact areas is set to room temperature (20 °C);
- (5)
- Only heat conduction and convection are considered in the calculation of the temperature distribution of the C-Cu contact spots, and the thermal radiation process is not considered.
3.4.3. Analysis of Temperature Distribution Characteristics of the C-Cu Contact Spots in the Pantograph-Contact Line System
3.5. Influence of the Interface Temperature on the Surface Morphology of the Carbon Slider under Different Currents
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- When the current is ≤20 A, the AECR shows an upward trend with the rise in interface temperature; the DECR fluctuates around 75 mΩ, and the amplitude of the DECR increases. High temperature promotes the increase in copper oxide at the interface, but the temperature at the contact spots does not reach the softening temperature of the copper material. The increase in the velamen resistance is the main reason for the increase in the ECR;
- (2)
- When the current is ≥60 A, the AECR decreases with the rise in interface temperature; the DECR shifts downward, and the amplitude decreases. The temperature at the contact spots exceeds the softening temperature of the copper material. The contact spots soften, and the contraction resistance decreases. However, the rate of formation and spalling of the oxide film increases synchronously, and the velamen resistance remains constant with the rise in interface temperature. Therefore, the ECR is mainly determined by the contraction resistance;
- (3)
- When the current is ≤60 A, the single discharge energy decreases, and the discharge frequency increases with the rise in interface temperature. The reason is that the interface temperature is transmitted to the surrounding air; the thermal movement of gas molecules is intensified, and the breakdown voltage drops;
- (4)
- When the current reaches 80 A, the single discharge energy presents a V-shaped distribution with interface temperature, and the minimum point appears at 180 °C. A large amount of CO2 generated by the carbon material’s intense oxidation increases the breakdown field strength of the air around the contact interface, which is the main reason for the increase in the single discharge energy after 180 °C;
- (5)
- When the current is 10 A with rising interface temperature, the size of the discharge erosion pits decreases, the number of erosion pits increases on the carbon surface, and the surface roughness, Ra, increases by 18.9%. When the current is 80 A, the size of the erosion pits decreases significantly with the rise in interface temperature, and the surface roughness, Ra, decreases by 24.4%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Conditions |
---|---|
Temperature/°C | Room temperature, 120, 180, 240, 300 |
Sliding speed/km·h−1 | 80 |
Normal load/N | 80 |
Current/A | 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 |
Sliding distance/km | 80 |
Materials and Properties | Carbon Slider | Contact Wire |
---|---|---|
Element content/wt% | 99.19% C, 0.73% S, 0.08% O | 99.50% Cu, 0.50% O |
Density/103 kg·m−3 | 1.67 | 8.9 |
Resistivity/10−6 Ω·m | 25 | 0.018 |
Specific heat/J·kg−1·K−1 | 769 | 380 |
Thermal conductivity/W·m−1·K−1 | 3 | 380 |
Hardness/107 N·m−2 | 70 | 82.6 |
Elastic modulus/ GPa | 11.7 | 132 |
Poisson’s ratios | 0.427 | 0.323 |
Softening temperature/°C | — | 350 |
Current Levels | Temperature | Chemical Compositions (wt%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
C | Cu | O | ||
10 A | Room temperature | 90.61 | 3.64 | 5.75 |
300 °C | 85.77 | 6.02 | 7.95 | |
80 A | Room temperature | 88.44 | 4.43 | 6.23 |
300 °C | 86.32 | 5.74 | 7.14 |
Current Levels | Temperature | Chemical Compositions (wt%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cu0 | Cu+ | Cu2+ | ||
10 A | Room temperature | 28.67 | 35.96 | 35.38 |
300 °C | 21.65 | 48.38 | 29.97 | |
80 A | Room temperature | 22.9 | 47.32 | 29.79 |
300 °C | 34.13 | 42.97 | 22.9 |
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Wang, H.; Gao, G.; Lei, D.; Wang, Q.; Xiao, S.; Xie, Y.; Xu, Z.; Ma, Y.; Dong, K.; Chen, Q.; et al. Influence of Interface Temperature on the Electric Contact Characteristics of a C-Cu Sliding System. Coatings 2022, 12, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111713
Wang H, Gao G, Lei D, Wang Q, Xiao S, Xie Y, Xu Z, Ma Y, Dong K, Chen Q, et al. Influence of Interface Temperature on the Electric Contact Characteristics of a C-Cu Sliding System. Coatings. 2022; 12(11):1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111713
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Hong, Guoqiang Gao, Deng Lei, Qingsong Wang, Song Xiao, Yunlong Xie, Zhilei Xu, Yaguang Ma, Keliang Dong, Qichen Chen, and et al. 2022. "Influence of Interface Temperature on the Electric Contact Characteristics of a C-Cu Sliding System" Coatings 12, no. 11: 1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111713
APA StyleWang, H., Gao, G., Lei, D., Wang, Q., Xiao, S., Xie, Y., Xu, Z., Ma, Y., Dong, K., Chen, Q., & Wu, G. (2022). Influence of Interface Temperature on the Electric Contact Characteristics of a C-Cu Sliding System. Coatings, 12(11), 1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111713