Corrosion and Tribological Performance of Diamond-like Carbon-Coated ZK 60 Magnesium Alloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reference Substrate
2.2. Film Deposition Technique
2.3. Thickness, Structural Properties, and Profile Composition
2.4. Mechanical and Tribological Tests
- Standard cut-off of the high-pass filter: λs = 2.50 µm.
- Standard cut-off of the low-pass filter: λc = 0.25 mm.
- First critical load (Lc1): The appearance of the first cohesive failure. Determined by plastic deformation failures, cracking for conformal type, laterals, or tensile ones, among others.
- Second critical load (Lc2): The appearance of the first adhesive failure. Determined by delamination failures, frontal deformation cracking, superficial lifts, lateral chipping, etc.
- Third critical load (Lc3): At least 50% delamination of the coating or the appearance of a critical defect.
2.5. Corrosion Tests
- Working electrode: test materials with an exposed area of 13.85 cm2.
- Reference electrode: silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl 3 M) electrode.
- Counter electrode: platinum electrode.
3. Results
3.1. Thickness, Structural Properties, and Profile Composition
3.2. Roughness and Adhesion
3.3. Nanoindentation
3.4. Tribological Tests
3.5. Corrosion Tests
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The Raman spectra of all the films showed a disordered amorphous carbon structure. The G-peak was more predominant in a-C:H coatings in the Raman spectroscopy due to the higher order of the graphitic structures, as well as the higher hydrogen content in the samples. These characteristics also explain the reduced coefficient of friction found for this sample.
- The a-C:H coating (Lc2 and Lc3 of 7 and 12 N, respectively) showed better adhesion to the substrate than the a-C coating (Lc2 and Lc3 of 4 and 9 N, respectively).
- Nanoindentation results showed that both coatings improved H and E compared with the uncoated samples, with values of 18 GPa and 165 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, resistance to plastic deformation (H3/E2) was also improved.
- Mechanical properties, and load support shown by DLC thin films with both WC and CrC interlayers were similar, and the lower accumulation of internal stresses due to differences in thickness could be the reason for the enhanced adhesion strength of the a-C:H coating.
- The addition of H was shown to be beneficial for the tribological performance of the coating. The a-C:H coating presented lower COF (0.3–0.4) and k (up to 10−5) values, while the a-C layer suffered delamination during the tests. The lower COF value of the a-C:H samples was of great relevance to improving wear resistance.
- Although the a-C:H coating showed better results than the a-C coating in the corrosion tests, both proved to be insufficient to protect Mg against corrosion. Both failed in the immersion tests, but the hydrogenated coating was shown to maintain elements of the coating while the hydrogen-free one did not.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Al | Zn | Mn | Fe | Cu | Zr | Ni | Si | Mg | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 0.0012 | 5.7 | 0.033 | 0.0025 | 0.0017 | 0.54 | 0.0012 | 0.0027 | Reminder |
Mechanical Properties | Tensile Strength: 322 Mpa | Yield Strength: 256 MPa | Elongation: 10% |
Step | Process | Material |
---|---|---|
1 | Grounding | SiC emery paper: from 180 to 1200 grit size |
2 | Cleaning and rinsing | Distilled water and ethanol |
3 | Polishing | polishing cloths and diamond polycrystalline suspension (particle size 9 and 1 µm) |
4 | Cleaning | Ultrasonic cleaning with ethanol and drying in air |
Step | Process | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Ar etching | Ar+ discharge established at the substrates: 15 min, DC-pulsed bias voltage of −500 V, and a frequency of 150 kHz. |
2 | Bonding layer | Cr target operated in HiPIMS:
|
3 | Interlayer | WC interlayer:
|
CrC interlayer:
| ||
4 | DLC coating | a-C:H coating:
|
Fn (N) | Ω (rpm) | Duration (Cycles) | Radius (mm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Test 1 | 1 | 150 | 2000 | 16 |
Test 2 | 1 | 150 | 6000 | 18 |
Test 3 | 1 | 100 | 3000 | 22 |
Sample | Roughness Sa (nm) |
---|---|
Uncoated ZK 60 | 19 ± 4 |
a-C | 44 ± 8 |
a-C:H | 18 ± 1 |
Uncoated | a-C | a-C:H | |
---|---|---|---|
H3/E2 | 0.0006 ± 0.0001 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.19 ± 0.03 |
H/E | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 |
COF Values | Test 1 | Test 2 | Test 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Uncoated | 0.4 | 1 | 1.2 |
a-C | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
a-C:H | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Sample | Ecorr (V) | jcorr (µA/cm2) |
---|---|---|
Uncoated ZK 60 | −1.55 ± 0.01 | 7.2 ± 0.7 |
a-C | −1.40 ± 0.02 | 91.4 ± 5 |
a-C:H | −1.33 ± 0.03 | 21.9 ± 0.2 |
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Claver, A.; Fernández, I.; Santiago, J.A.; Díaz-Rodríguez, P.; Panizo-Laiz, M.; Esparza, J.; Palacio, J.F.; Fuentes, G.G.; Zalakain, I.; García, J.A. Corrosion and Tribological Performance of Diamond-like Carbon-Coated ZK 60 Magnesium Alloy. Coatings 2023, 13, 1871. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111871
Claver A, Fernández I, Santiago JA, Díaz-Rodríguez P, Panizo-Laiz M, Esparza J, Palacio JF, Fuentes GG, Zalakain I, García JA. Corrosion and Tribological Performance of Diamond-like Carbon-Coated ZK 60 Magnesium Alloy. Coatings. 2023; 13(11):1871. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111871
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaver, Adrián, Iván Fernández, José Antonio Santiago, Pablo Díaz-Rodríguez, Miguel Panizo-Laiz, Joseba Esparza, José F. Palacio, Gonzalo G. Fuentes, Iñaki Zalakain, and José Antonio García. 2023. "Corrosion and Tribological Performance of Diamond-like Carbon-Coated ZK 60 Magnesium Alloy" Coatings 13, no. 11: 1871. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111871