Nanomaterials for Potential Detection and Remediation: A Review of Their Analytical and Environmental Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nanomaterials for the Detection of Heavy Metals
2.1. Noble Metal NPs for the Colorimetric Detection of Heavy Metals
2.2. Nanocomposites for the Detection of Heavy Metals
3. Nanomaterials for the Detection of Agrochemicals: Pesticides, Herbicides, and Insecticides
3.1. Nanomaterials for the Detection of Organophosphorous Pesticides
3.2. Nanomaterials for the Detection of Atrazine
3.3. Nanomaterials for the Detection of Carbamates and Dithiocarbamates
3.4. Nanomaterials for the Detection of Glyphosate
3.5. Nanomaterials for the Detection of Triazine Pymetrozine
4. Cyclodextrin-Based Materials and Cyclodextrin Polymers for the Remediation and Detection of Pollutants
4.1. Cyclodextrin Monomers and Cyclodextrin-Based Polymers
4.2. Potential Applications of CD Monomers and CD Polymers in Environmental Remediation
4.3. CDs Monomers and CD-Based Polymers in the Remediation of Heavy Metals
4.4. CDs Monomers and CD-Based Polymers in the Remediation of Dyes
4.5. CDs Monomers and CD-Based Polymers in the Remediation of Pesticides and Agrochemicals
4.6. CDs Monomers and CD-Based Polymers as Electrochemical Sensors
5. Nanomaterials for the Remediation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants
6. Nanomaterials for the Photodegradation of Pollutants
7. Innovative Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications
8. Nanomaterials: Challenges, and Future Prospects
9. Conclusions and Final Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NPs | Nanoparticles |
AgNPs | Silver Nanoparticles |
AuNPs | Gold Nanoparticles |
CuNPs | Copper Nanoparticles |
PdNPs | Palladium Nanoparticles |
PtNPs | Platinum Nanoparticles |
MagNPs | Magnetite Nanoparticles |
SPR | Surface Plasmon Resonance |
11-MUA | Mercaptoundecanoic acid |
BSA | Bovine Serum Albumin |
3-MPS | 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxy silane |
APD | 2-aminopyrimidine-4,6-diol |
AMP | Adenosine Monophosphate |
TMB | Tetramethylbenzidine |
4-MPY | 4-mercaptopyridine |
PAC | Porous Activated Carbon |
GCE | Glassy Carbon Electrode |
rGO | Reduced Graphene Oxide |
ZnONRs | Zinc Oxide Nanorods |
CNTs | Carbon Nanotubes |
CNCs | Cellulose Nanocrystals |
MOF | Metallic Organic Framework |
AChE | Acetylcholinesterase |
PYM | Triazine Pymetrozine |
SDS | Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate |
VNSWCNTs | Nitrogen-Doped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes |
MW-CNTs | Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes |
LOD | Limit of Detection |
LOQ | Limit of Quantification |
DTCs | Dithiocarbamates |
MS | Mass Spectrometry |
HPLC | High Performance Liquid Chromatography |
GC-MS | Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy |
LC-MS | Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy |
EIS | Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy |
CV | Cyclic Voltammetry |
DPV | Differential Pulse Voltammetry |
DLS | Dynamic Light Scattering |
SEM | Scanning Electron Microscopy |
TEM | Transmission Electron Microscopy |
FT-IR | Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy |
XRPD | X-ray Powder Diffraction |
EPI | Epichlorohydrin |
CDs | Cyclodextrins |
NSs | Nanosponges |
TPE | Tetrakis (4-hydroxyphenyl) ethene |
PMDA | Pyromellitic Dianhydride |
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System | Heavy Metal | Altered State of the Metal NPs | Polluted Matrix | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chalcone carboxylic acid-capped AgNPs | Cd (II) | Carboxylic acid-Cd interaction induced AgNPs aggregation | Drinking water and lake water | [24] |
11 MUA—functionalized AgNPs | Ni (II) | Red shift in the SPR of AgNPs | Lab water | [26] |
3 MPS-AgNPs | Co (II) and Ni (II) | Aggregation of AgNPs induced by the formation of coordination compounds | Lab water | [27] |
3 MPS-AgNPs | Hg (II) | Formation of an Ag/Hg amalgam that causes changes in the SPR spectra | Lab water | [28] |
APD-AgNPs | Hg (II) | Complex formation between APD-AgNPs and Hg2+, inducing change of the system color | Lab water | [29] |
Chitosan-AgNPs | Hg (II) | Change in the structure of AgNPs | Drinking water | [30] |
AMP-SDS-AgNPs | Ni (II) | Decrease in the plasmon absorbance band due to the interactions between Ni2+ and each capping agent | Tap water and lake water | [35] |
L-cysteine-AgNPs | Hg (II) | Red shift of AgNPs SPR band | Salt water and drinking water | [36] |
Silver nano prisms | Ni (II) | Changes in the triangular form of silver nano-prisms in a solution with O2 and H2O | Tap water and pond water | [41] |
Xylenol orange-AuNPs | Al (III) | Aggregation and color change of AuNPs | Drinking water | [31] |
Chitosan-BSA-AuNPs | Hg (II) | Hg (II) strong affinity towards chitosan and BSA promoted changes in the SPR of AuNPs | Water, soil, and food samples | [32] |
4-MPY-AuNPs | Hg (II) | Hg-pyridine complex formation and a coupling effect between Au film and AuNPs | Tap water | [33] |
Aptamer-AuNPs | Cd (II) | Cd-Aptamer interaction promoted the aggregation of AuNPs | Drinking water | [42] |
CuNPs-AgNPs-ternary matrix | Hg (II) | Variations in the intensity and shifts on the SPR bands | Drinking water | [37] |
MT-CuNPs | Hg (II) and Pb (II) | Hg (II) and Pb (II) induced the aggregation of CuNPs | Tap and pond water | [39] |
R-CuNPs | As (III) | The presence of As (III) promoted the release of R and the aggregation of CuNPs | Ground water | [40] |
Nanocomposite | Heavy Metal | LOD (nM) | Polluted Matrix | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pd@PAC/GCE | Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) | 13.33 (Cd2+), 6.60 (Pb2+), 11.92 (Cu2+) | Tap water | [43] |
ZnO-G | Cd (II), Pb (II) | 0.05 (Cd2+), 0.03 (Pb2+) | Wastewater | [44] |
rGO-glycine-polyaniline | Cd (II) and Pb (II) | 0.07 (Cd2+), 0.09 (Pb2+) | Tap water | [45] |
Fe2O3 NPs/ZnONRs/ITO | Pb (II) | 10 | Sea water | [46] |
GPL-Au nano-dendrites | Pb (II), Cu (II), Hg (II) | 57.8 (Pb2+), 18.8 (Cu2+), 60.1 (Hg2+) | Lake water | [47] |
AgNPs-Agaricus Bispore-Platinum electrode | Hg (II) | 210 | Lake water | [48] |
CNT-AuNPs-GO | Hg (II) | 30 | River water | [49] |
PtNPs-TMB | Hg (II) | 80 | Lab water | [37] |
Zn-based MOF | V (V) | 220 | Lab water | [51] |
Ag-ZnO-ZIF-8 | Hg (II) | 40 | Tap water, river water, orange juice | [52] |
SSM-WO3 | Cu (II) | 10 | Lab water | [53] |
Carbon dots-GCN | Cr (VI), Cu (II), Pb (II) | 0.55 (Cr6+), 0.18 (Cu2+), 0.3 (Pb2+) | Tap water, pond water, river water | [54] |
ZnS-starch | Pb (II), Cu (II), Hg (II) | 1 (Pb2+and Hg2+), 10 (Cu2+) | Tap water, pond water | [55] |
Chitosan/CNCs/carbon dots | Cr (VI) | 20 | Lab water | [56] |
System | Agrochemical | LOD (nM) | Polluted Matrix | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
AChE-CNT-GCE | Paraoxon | 0.08 | Vegetable samples | [78] |
VNSWCNTs/AuNPs/AChE | Malathion | 0.3 | Cabbage samples | [79] |
Au/VNSWCNTs | Methyl Parathion, Malathion, Chlorpyriphos | 0.03 (methyl parathion), 0.01 (malathion), 0.03 (chlorpyrifos) | River water | [81] |
AChE/CS/Fe3O4 | Malathion | 0.3 | River water | [84] |
Pt@UiO66-NH2 nanocomposite | Malathion | 4.9 × 10−6 | Garlic samples | [85] |
Nafion/AuNPs/rGO/GCE | Malathion and Methyl Parathion | 0.08 (malathion), 0.07 (methyl parathion) | Cabbage sample, tap water, river water | [95] |
HEMA-MA-aspartic acid-AuNPs | Atrazine | 3.3 | Lab water | [98] |
BSA-stabilized AuNCs-MnO2 | Carbaryl | 0.63 | Lake water, soil | [99] |
SDS capped AgNPs | Ziram, Zineb, and Maneb | 0.03–0.57 | Lab water | [101] |
Urease-AuNPs agarose-guar gum | Glyphosate | 1.8 | River water | [113] |
Melamine-modified AuNPs | Triazine Pymetrozine | 10–80 | Tap water, lake water | [76] |
System | Heavy Metal | Maximum RE (%) or Adsorption Capacity (mg/g) | Optimal Conditions: pH, Metal Concentration, Contact Time | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
β-CD-chitosan-Fe3O4 | As (III) | 96% | pH 9, 0.1 mg/L, 20 min. | [129] |
Permethylated β-CD | As (V) | 98% | pH 6, 0.1 mg/L, 30 min. | [130] |
β-CD-graphene foam | Cr (VI) | 99.8% | pH 3, 50 mg/L, 240 min. | [131] |
β-CD-CNT-Fe3O4 | Ni (II) | 103 | pH 6, 50 mg/L, 50 min. | [128] |
β-CD-chitosan-EDTA | Pb (II), Cu (II), Ni (II) | 330.9 (Pb2+), 161 (Cu2+), 118.9 (Ni2+) | pH > 5, 25 mg/L, 300 min. | [132] |
PMDA-β-CDNSs | Cu (II), Zn (II), Pb (II), Cd (II), and Fe (III) | Up to 94% | pH not reported; 500 ppm, 24 h. | [133] |
Tannic acid β-CDNSs | Pb (II) | 81% | pH range 4–6, 200 mg/L, 3 min. | [134] |
Citric acid β-CDNSs | U (VI) | 150 | pH 4; 60 mg/L, 60 min. | [134] |
Calixarene-CDNSs | Pb (II) | Up to 85% | pH > 6, metal concentration not reported; 5–10 min. | [135] |
Citric acid βCDNSs-ZrO2 | Pb (II) | 274.5 | pH 7, 200 mg/L, 120 min. | [136] |
System | Dye | Maximum RE% or Adsorption Capacity (mg/g) | Optimal Conditions: pH, Contact Time | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
EPI NSs-Fe3O4 | Direct Red 83:1 | >90% | pH 5, 30 min. | [138] |
1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid NSs | Malachite Green and Safranin | 98.3% for Malachite Green, 96% for Safranin | pH 8, 180 min. | [139] |
α-CD-EPI, β-CD-EPI, γ-CD-EPI | Direct Blue 78 | 99% (β-CD-EPI); 97% (α-CD-EPI, γ-CD-EPI) | pH 6, 120 min. | [140] |
NSs-CNT-TiO2-AgNPs | Congo Red | 146.7 | pH 8, 450 min. | [141] |
β-CD-EPI-rGO | Malachite Green | 902.2 | pH 8, 90 min. | [142] |
Halloysite-CD-NSs | Rhodamine B | 70% | pH > 4.5, 100 min. | [142] |
β-CD-DPC NSs | Basic Red 46 and Rhodamine B | 101.3 (Basic Red); 52.3 (Rhodamine B) | pH 3–5, 120 min. for Basic Red; 180 min. for Rhodamine B | [124] |
Citric Acid β-CD NSs | Methylene Blue and Congo Red | 5.1 for Methylene Blue; 12 for Congo Red | pH not reported; 1500 min. for Methylene Blue; 40 min. for Congo Red; | [143] |
β-CD-Activated Charcoal-Alginate-Fe3O4 nanocomposite | Methylene Blue | 99.53% | pH 6, 90 min. | [144] |
System | Organic Pollutants | Maximum Removal Efficiency | Optimal Conditions: pH, Contact Time | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
DPC NSs-Fe3O4 | 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,3,4,6 tetra chlorophenol | 91% for 4-CPA, 78% for TCP | pH 9, 120 min. | [146] |
DPC NSs-Fe3O4 | Dinotefuran | 90.3% | pH 7, 120 min. | [147] |
β-CD-cellulose nanofiber | Bisphenol A, Bisphenol S, Bisphenol F | 88.1% | pH 7, 15 min. | [148] |
Hydroxypropyl β-CD-1,2,3,4 butane tetracarboxylic acid NSs | PAHs | 92% (initial concentration of 400 μg/L of PAH) and 89% (initial concentration of 600 μg/L of PAH) | pH 7, 60 min. | [149] |
Am6-NSs and Am12-NSs | Imidacloprid | 95% | pH 3.8, contact time not reported | [150] |
β-CD-EPI NSs and γ-CD-EPI NSs functionalized with MnO2 nanorods | Atrazine, benalaxyl, bromacil, butachlor, fenamiphos, fipronil, flufiprole, and pretilachlor | Ranging between 43%–73% | pH 7, 120 min. | [151] |
CDI NSs and PDA NSs | Ailanthone | 55.1% | pH not reported; 24 h. | [152] |
Anionic β-CD-citric acid NSs-cotton cord | Paraquat, Methylene Blue, and Crystal Violet | 91% (Paraquat), 97% (Methylene Blue), 98% (Crystal Violet) | pH 6 for Paraquat; pH 4 for Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet, 360 min. | [153] |
Anionic β-CD-1,2,3,4, butane tetracarboxylic acid NSs-cotton cord | Paraquat | 95.1% | pH 8, 360 min. | [154] |
System | Organic Pollutants | LOD (nM) | Linear Range (nM) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thiolated β-CD-gold nanosatellite | Paraquat, Diquat, Difenzoquat | 18.5 | 18.9–37.8 | [156] |
L-Citrulline-CD-glassy carbon electrode | Metribuzin | 10 | 0.03–1 | [157] |
β-CD-MOF-Mxrene-Carbon nanohorns | Carbendazim | 1 | 3–10 | [158] |
Fluorescent β-CD-DL-TPE | Trinitrophenol and nitrobenzene | 5 | 10–150 | [159] |
α-CD, β-CD, and γ-CD on PVC matrix | Procainamide | 240, 213, 238 for α-CD, β-CD, and γ-CD, respectively | 0.01–1.0 | [160] |
β-CD and γ-CD on PVC matrix | Trazodone | 2.2 (β-CD) 0.15 (γ-CD) | 7–100 (β-CD) 0.5–100 (γ-CD) | [161] |
β-CD incorporated into graphene/poly(dimethyl siloxane) composites | Propylparaben | 10 | 10–100 | [161] |
Poly pyrrole nanotubes-β-CD-TiO2 | Methylparaben and Methylene Blue | 10 | 10–100 | [162] |
rGO-β-CD-glassy carbon | Catechol | 1.3 | 100–800 | [163] |
System | Pharmaceutical Pollutant | Maximum RE (%) | Optimal Conditions: pH, Contact Time | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fe3O4@AgNPs | Ibuprofen | 93% | pH 7, 45 min. | [170] |
Chitosan-Fe2O3 | Ibuprofen | 98% | pH 7, 120 min. | [171] |
Starch NPs | Ibuprofen and Sulfamethoxazole | 86% (Ibuprofen); 85% (Sulfamethoxazole) | pH 2–3, 300 min. | [172] |
Ozone treated MW-CNTs | Acetaminophen | 95% | pH 4, 60 min. | [173] |
Graphene-TiO2 | Acetaminophen | 97% | pH 9, 180 min. | [174] |
Maltodextrin-GO-CuO | Diclofenac and Amoxicillin | 95% | pH 7, 10 min. | [175] |
GO-CoFe2O4 | Diclofenac | 87% | pH 4, 120 min. | [176] |
Fe3O4@C | Hospital effluent (antibiotics) | 85% | pH 6, 120 min. | [177] |
CuNPs | Ketoprofen | 89% | pH 4.4, 50 min | [178] |
System | Pollutant | Degradation (%) | Degradation Time (min) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
TiO2 P90 on stainless steel | Phenol | 100 | 180 | [182] |
Yb-TiO2-rGO | Phenol | 100 | 300 | [183] |
PtNPs/TiO2 | Phenol | 90 | 30 | [184] |
rGO-GOB | Methylene Blue | 90 | 120 | [185] |
rGO-HAB | Methylene Blue | 60 | 120 | [186] |
WO3/H2O2/citric acid | Methylparaben | 100 | 24 h. | [187] |
WO3/Ag2CO3 | Rhodamine B | 99 | 8 | [188] |
SnO2/C3N4 | Rhodamine B and Brilliant Red | 98 | 90 | [189] |
Fe3O4/SnO2/C3N4 | Carbofuran | 89 | 70 | [190] |
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Salazar Sandoval, S.; Bruna, T.; Maldonado-Bravo, F.; Jara, P.; Caro, N.; Rojas-Romo, C.; González-Casanova, J.; Gómez, D.R.; Yutronic, N.; Urzúa, M.; et al. Nanomaterials for Potential Detection and Remediation: A Review of Their Analytical and Environmental Applications. Coatings 2023, 13, 2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13122085
Salazar Sandoval S, Bruna T, Maldonado-Bravo F, Jara P, Caro N, Rojas-Romo C, González-Casanova J, Gómez DR, Yutronic N, Urzúa M, et al. Nanomaterials for Potential Detection and Remediation: A Review of Their Analytical and Environmental Applications. Coatings. 2023; 13(12):2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13122085
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalazar Sandoval, Sebastián, Tamara Bruna, Francisca Maldonado-Bravo, Paul Jara, Nelson Caro, Carlos Rojas-Romo, Jorge González-Casanova, Diana Rojas Gómez, Nicolás Yutronic, Marcela Urzúa, and et al. 2023. "Nanomaterials for Potential Detection and Remediation: A Review of Their Analytical and Environmental Applications" Coatings 13, no. 12: 2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13122085