A New Method for Evaluating Liquefaction by Energy-Based Pore Water Pressure Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pore Water Pressure Modelling
2.1. Proposal of Pore Water Pressure Model
2.2. Numerical Model of Cyclic Triaxial Test
2.3. The Relationship Between Pore Water Pressure and Arias Intensity
- (1)
- For the Dr = 60%:
- (2)
- For the Dr = 90%:
2.4. Criteria for Liquefaction
- (1)
- For the Dr = 60%:
- (2)
- For the Dr = 90%:
- (1)
- For the Dr = 60%:
- (2)
- For the Dr = 90%:
2.5. Effect of Consolidation Pressure and Consolidation Ratio
2.5.1. Effect of Consolidation Pressure on the Pore Water Pressure Model
- (1)
- For the Dr = 60%:
- (2)
- For the Dr = 90%:
2.5.2. Effect of Consolidation Ratio on Pore Water Pressure Model
- (1)
- For the Dr = 60%:
- (2)
- For the Dr = 90%:
- (1)
- For the Dr = 60%:
- (2)
- For the Dr = 90%:
2.5.3. Validation of the Pore Water Pressure Model
3. Liquefaction Potential Assessment Methodology
3.1. Cyclic Stress Ratio
3.2. Effect of Free-Field Permeability Coefficients
3.3. Validation and Application of Liquefaction Risk Assessment Methodology
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The results of bi-directional dynamic triaxial tests showed that there was a significant correlation between the accumulation of pore water pressure and the Arias intensity of ground motion in the saturated sand. Additionally, the mean period of the ground motion and the cyclic stress ratio also influence this relationship.
- (2)
- The consolidation pressure and the consolidation ratio of the test significantly influence the modeling of pore water pressure. As both the consolidation pressure and the consolidation ratio increase, the liquefaction resistance of the soil mass exhibits a linear increase.
- (3)
- A novel energy pore water pressure model has been developed based on the results of bi-directional dynamic triaxial tests. The model is capable of accurately predicting the accumulation characteristics of pore water pressure observed during cyclic triaxial tests conducted on dense and medium-dense saturated Fujian standard sand. As the relative density increases, the sand liquefaction potential decreases, making the sand less likely to approach liquefaction.
- (4)
- A methodology for assessing the liquefaction potential has been developed based on the energy pore water pressure model. This method demonstrates enhanced accuracy in predicting the maximum excess pore water pressure ratio of the soil with a shallow burial depth of 4 m. Conversely, the assessment method tends to be conservative when applied to soil bodies with a greater burial depth of 10 m.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dr | Density (kg·m−3) | Reference Pressure (kPa) | Shear Modulus at Pr (MPa) | Bulk Modulus at Pr (MPa) | Friction Angle (°) | Phase Transformation Angle (°) | c1 | c3 | d1 | d3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60% | 19.38 | 80 | 6.5 × 104 | 1.6 × 105 | 31 | 31 | 0.087 | 0.18 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
90% | 19.98 | 800.087 | 1.1 × 105 | 2.4 × 105 | 33 | 26 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.05 |
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Zhang, J.; Cheng, Q.; Fan, H.; Dai, M.; Li, Y.; Wu, J.; Wang, Y. A New Method for Evaluating Liquefaction by Energy-Based Pore Water Pressure Models. Coatings 2025, 15, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15010007
Zhang J, Cheng Q, Fan H, Dai M, Li Y, Wu J, Wang Y. A New Method for Evaluating Liquefaction by Energy-Based Pore Water Pressure Models. Coatings. 2025; 15(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jianlei, Qiangong Cheng, Haozhen Fan, Mengjie Dai, Yan Li, Jiujiang Wu, and Yufeng Wang. 2025. "A New Method for Evaluating Liquefaction by Energy-Based Pore Water Pressure Models" Coatings 15, no. 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15010007
APA StyleZhang, J., Cheng, Q., Fan, H., Dai, M., Li, Y., Wu, J., & Wang, Y. (2025). A New Method for Evaluating Liquefaction by Energy-Based Pore Water Pressure Models. Coatings, 15(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15010007