Color of Pan Trap Influences Sampling of Bees in Livestock Pasture Ecosystem
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Study Site: History and Preparation
2.3. Pan Traps and Sampling
2.4. Light Reflectance Analysis of Pan Traps
2.5. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Abundance and Diversity
3.2. Light Reflectance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diversity of Bees | Pan Trap Color | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family | Genus | Species | Blue | Green | Purple | Yellow |
Apidae | Apis | mellifera | x | x | ||
Bombus | griseocollis | x | x | x | ||
Bombus | pensylvanicus | x | x | |||
Ceratina | strenua | x | x | x | ||
Ceratina | calcarata | x | x | |||
Melissodes | niveus | x | x | |||
Melissodes | veroninae | x | ||||
Melissodes | bimaculata | x | ||||
Melissodes | communis | x | x | |||
Melissodes | comptoides | x | ||||
Peponapis | timberlakei | x | x | |||
Ptilothrix | bombiformis | x | x | x | ||
Svastra | atripes | x | ||||
Svastra | obliqua | x | x | |||
Colletidae | Hylaeus | rudbeckiae | x | |||
Megachilidae | Megachile | brevis | x | |||
Ashmeadiella | floridana | x | ||||
Halictidae | Agapostemon | texanus | x | x | x | x |
Agapostemon | splendens | x | x | |||
Agapostemon | sericeus | x | x | |||
Augochlorella | aurata | x | x | x | ||
Augochlorella | persimilis | x | x | |||
Augochlora | pura | x | ||||
Halictus | rubicundus | x | x | x | ||
Halictus | confusus | x | x | x | x | |
Halictus | ligatus | x | x | x | ||
Halictus | parallelus | x | x | |||
Lasioglossum | imitatum | x | x | x | x | |
Lasioglossum | disparile | x | x | |||
Lasioglossum | versatum | x | x | x | ||
Lasioglossum | coreopsis | x | x | |||
Lasioglossum | nr versans | x | x | |||
Lasioglossum | birkmanni | x | x | x | ||
Lasioglossum | subviridatum | x | x | x | x | |
Lasioglossum | foxii | x | ||||
Lasioglossum | sopinci | x | ||||
Lasioglossum | paraforbesii | x | x | |||
Lasioglossum | athabascence | x | ||||
Lasioglossum | tegulare | x | x | |||
Lasioglossum | pectorale | x | ||||
Lasioglossum | trigeminum | x | ||||
Lasioglossum | callidum | x | ||||
Lasioglossum | zephyrum | x | ||||
Lasioglossum | hitchensi | x |
Pan Trap Color | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blue | Green | Purple | Yellow | ||
Abundance | 291 | 55 | 147 | 79 | |
Richness (observed) | 36 | 11 | 24 | 17 | |
Richness (extrapolated; Chao1) 1 | 45 | 22 | 28 | 22 | |
Number of unique species | 10 | 1 | 4 | 2 | |
Similarity Indices 2 | Blue | 1 | |||
Green | 0.38 (0.70) | 1 | |||
Purple | 0.63 (0.89) | 0.34 (0.75) | 1 | ||
Yellow | 0.53 (0.87) | 0.36 (0.76) | 0.59 (0.90) | 1 |
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Acharya, R.S.; Leslie, T.; Fitting, E.; Burke, J.; Loftin, K.; Joshi, N.K. Color of Pan Trap Influences Sampling of Bees in Livestock Pasture Ecosystem. Biology 2021, 10, 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10050445
Acharya RS, Leslie T, Fitting E, Burke J, Loftin K, Joshi NK. Color of Pan Trap Influences Sampling of Bees in Livestock Pasture Ecosystem. Biology. 2021; 10(5):445. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10050445
Chicago/Turabian StyleAcharya, Roshani S., Timothy Leslie, Emily Fitting, Joan Burke, Kelly Loftin, and Neelendra K. Joshi. 2021. "Color of Pan Trap Influences Sampling of Bees in Livestock Pasture Ecosystem" Biology 10, no. 5: 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10050445