Soft Tissue and Biomolecular Preservation in Vertebrate Fossils from Glauconitic, Shallow Marine Sediments of the Hornerstown Formation, Edelman Fossil Park, New Jersey
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
Citation | Specimen Number | Taxon | Age | Formation | Rock Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barker et al. [34] | PAS11-02 | Cetacea indet. | Miocene | Pungo River | Unconsolidated Silt and Clay |
Barker et al. [34] | PAS11-03 | Cetacea indet. | Miocene | Pungo River | Unconsolidated Silt and Clay |
Barker et al. [34] | PAS11-01 | Cetacea indet. | Miocene | Calvert | Unconsolidated Silt and Clay |
Barker et al. [34] | PAS11-04 | Dugongidae indet. | Miocene | Torreya | Unconsolidated Silt and Clay |
Cadena and Schweitzer [35] | CCMFC01 | Pelomedusoides indet. | Paleogene | Los Cuervos | Sandstone |
Lindgren et al. [6] | IRSNB 1624 | Prognathodon | Cretaceous | Ciply | Phosphatic Chalk |
Macauley et al. [36] | RU-CAL-00001 | Testudines indet. | Miocene | Calvert | Unconsolidated Silt and Clay |
Schweitzer et al. [3] | WCBa-20 | Balaenoptera | Miocene | Pisco | Mudstone |
Surmik et al. [16] | WNoZ/s/7/166 | Nothosaurus | Triassic | Gogolin | Limestone |
Surmik et al. [16] | SUT-MG/F/Tvert/15 | Nothosaurus | Triassic | Gogolin | Limestone |
Surmik et al. [16] | SUT-MG/F/Tvert/2 | Protanystropheus | Triassic | Gogolin | Limestone |
Wiemann et al. [10] | YPM 656 | Crocodylia indet. | Cretaceous | Navesink | Unconsolidated Greensand |
Wiemann et al. [10] | YMP VP 059362 | Ichthyosaurus | Jurassic | Posidonia Shale | Mudstone |
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Histology
2.2.2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.2.3. Demineralization
2.2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
2.2.5. Protein Extraction
2.2.6. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) with Silver-Staining
2.2.7. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA)
2.2.8. Immunofluorescence
3. Results
3.1. Histology
3.2. X-ray Diffraction
3.3. Demineralization
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
3.5. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis with Silver-Staining
3.6. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
3.7. Immunofluorescence
4. Discussion
4.1. Overall Preservation
4.2. Soft Tissue Preservation
4.3. Biomolecular Preservation
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specimen RU-EFP-# | Taxon | Element | Source Horizon/Fm | Osteocyte Recovery | Vessel Recovery | Fibrous Matrix Recovery | Color | Histology Assessed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
00002-2 | Taphrosphys | Peripheral | MFL | Abundant | Frequent | Frequent | Thin Light Rim | Yes |
00006-8 | Thoracosaurus | Scute | MFL | Frequent | Absent | Rare | Thin Light Rim | Yes |
00006-11 | Thoracosaurus | Femur | MFL | Abundant | Rare | Uncommon | Thin Light Rim | Yes |
00018 | Euclastes | Costal | MFL | Abundant | Absent | Absent | Dark | Yes |
00030-1 | Crocodylia Indet. | Tibia | MFL | Absent | Absent | Absent | Light | Yes |
00030-2 | Crocodylia Indet. | Humerus | MFL | Rare | Absent | Absent | Medium Color | No |
02175 | Taphrosphys | Peripheral | MFL | Rare | Absent | Absent | Light | Yes |
02222 | Taphrosphys | Costal | MFL | Abundant | Absent | Absent | Dark | Yes |
02245 | Pan- Cheloniidae Indet. | Peripheral | MFL | Rare | Absent | Absent | Thin Light Rim | Yes |
02295 | Testudines Indet. | Femur | MFL | Abundant | Absent | Absent | Dark | No |
04161-8 | Testudines Indet. | Zeugopodial | Hornerstown | Abundant | Rare | Uncommon | Dark | No |
04162 | Taphrosphys | Costal | Hornerstown | Abundant | Absent | Absent | Dark | No |
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Voegele, K.K.; Boles, Z.M.; Ullmann, P.V.; Schroeter, E.R.; Zheng, W.; Lacovara, K.J. Soft Tissue and Biomolecular Preservation in Vertebrate Fossils from Glauconitic, Shallow Marine Sediments of the Hornerstown Formation, Edelman Fossil Park, New Jersey. Biology 2022, 11, 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11081161
Voegele KK, Boles ZM, Ullmann PV, Schroeter ER, Zheng W, Lacovara KJ. Soft Tissue and Biomolecular Preservation in Vertebrate Fossils from Glauconitic, Shallow Marine Sediments of the Hornerstown Formation, Edelman Fossil Park, New Jersey. Biology. 2022; 11(8):1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11081161
Chicago/Turabian StyleVoegele, Kristyn K., Zachary M. Boles, Paul V. Ullmann, Elena R. Schroeter, Wenxia Zheng, and Kenneth J. Lacovara. 2022. "Soft Tissue and Biomolecular Preservation in Vertebrate Fossils from Glauconitic, Shallow Marine Sediments of the Hornerstown Formation, Edelman Fossil Park, New Jersey" Biology 11, no. 8: 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11081161