Elevated CO2 and Water Stress in Combination in Plants: Brothers in Arms or Partners in Crime?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Water Relations, Transpiration and Stomatal Conductance
2.1. Stomatal Dynamics
2.2. The ABA Conundrum
2.3. Water Relations
3. Dry Matter Production
3.1. Photosynthesis and Growth
3.2. Malate Maelstrom
3.3. Nutrients in a Nutshell
Plant/Crop/Tree | CO2 Concentration | Water Stress Imposition | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Poplar (Populus spp.) | 700 ± 50 µmol mol−1 | Soil drying cycle by withholding water | Reduced Gas exchange, decreased leaf conductance, increased photosynthesis, increased transpiration efficiency | [12] |
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) | 400 μmol mol−1, 790 μmol mol−1 | Progressive restriction of water from 10 percent to 60 percent pot capacity | Reduced plant biomass, Stomatal conductance and carbon isotope signature indicated water saving strategy. PEPC expression increased | [72] |
Tabernaemontana divaricata | 1000 μmol mol−1, 700 μmol mol−1 | 70 percent of field capacity (FC) for 4 days and 30 percent of FC for 4 days | Increase in stomatal conductance (gs), plant height (PH) and plant girth (PG) | [82] |
Maize (Zea mays) | 550 μmol mol−1 | Half water in water stress treatment compared to control | 37 percent reduction in whole plant transpiration | [43] |
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach × Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br) and hydric common reed grass (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud) | 563 ± 6.7 μmol mol−1 541 ± 6.9 μmol mol−1 601 ± 9.1 μmol mol−1 | Withdrawing irrigation | Increase in Photosynthesis, reduced leaf water potential and increase in transpiration | [44] |
Maize (Zea mays) | 700 μmol mol−1, 900 μmol mol−1, and 1200 μmol mol−1 | deficit irrigation | Decreases in stomatal conductance and reduced transpiration rate | [45] |
Soyabean (Glycine max) | Ambient + 200 μmol mol−1 | 35–45 percent of RWC | Elevated CO2 enhanced the resistance to drought by improving the capacity of photosynthesis and WUE in soybean leaves | [46] |
Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) | 867 ± 157 μmol mol−1 | 10 Percent Relative Substrate Water Content | Under drought, the effect of CO2 on WUE was pronounced, with intercellular CO2 being increased near stomatal closure | [83] |
Lemon (Citrus limon) | 650 and 850 μmol mol−1 | leaf water potential of −3.5 MPa | Stomatal downregulation at elevated CO2 reduced water-use but not photosynthesis. | [84] |
Soybean (Glycine max) | 800 μmol mol−1 | water deficit was applied by randomly moving plants out of the hydroponic solution exposing the roots to ambient- or elevated-air | Responses of soybean roots to short-term water deficit are buffered by Elevated CO2 | [47] |
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) | 750 μmol mol−1 | Stopping irrigation for 7 days | Elevated CO2 reduced the negative effect of drought on transpiration, water use efficiency, all growth measures and harvest index. | [85] |
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) | 550 μmol mol−1 | Water was withheld until 30 percent FC | Elevated CO2-induced stimulation of nodulation and nodule density helped maintain N2 fixation under drought | [86] |
Andiroba (Carapa surinamensis) | 700 μmol mol−1 | 50 percent field capacity | Whole-plant water-use efficiency (WUE) improved under combination treatments | [87] |
Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne, Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. and Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. and Hook. f. ex S. Moore | 700 μmol mol−1 | Water stress was introduced three times during the experiment by halting irrigation 1 month before the fourth (360 days old), fifth (450 days old) and sixth (540 days old) morphophysiological surveys | Water stress decreased biomass production under high CO2 | [88] |
Grapevines (Vitis labrusca) | 800 μmol mol−1 | Stopping irrigation | Elevated CO2 delayed drought effects on both net photosynthetic rate and Rubisco activity for four days, by reducing stomatal conductance, transpiration, and stomatal density | [89] |
Brassica napus | 800 μmol mol−1 | Withholding water for 7 days | Elevated CO2 diminished the adverse effect by improved water relations | [52] |
Maize (Zea mays) | 550, 700, and 900 μmol mol−1 | Deficit irrigation | Photosynthetic rate in elevated CO2 concentrations was higher under Deficit irrigation than under regular irrigation. | [90] |
Acrocomia aculeata | 700 μmol mol−1 | Water withholding | Higher Rubisco carboxylation rate (Vc max) and electron transport rate (J max) contributed to recovery from drought | [56] |
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) | 800 ± 20 μmol mol−1 | ψw = −0.05 MPa and ψw = −0.15 with PEG 6000 | Higher photosynthetic performance and increased grana thickness under moderate drought stress, increased palisade cells length and chloroplasts number per palisade cell under severe drought stress. | [91] |
4. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enzyme | Sheets | Beta Alpha Beta Units | Beta Hairpins | Beta Bulge | Strands | Helices | Helix-Helix Interaction | Beta Turns | Gamma Turns |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NADP-ME Maize | 4 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 33 | 47 | 36 | 3 |
NADP-ME Rice | 4 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 33 | 44 | 33 | 4 |
NAD-ME Solanum | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 14 | 35 | 44 | 47 | 6 |
NAD-ME Amaranthus | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 14 | 36 | 45 | 39 | 5 |
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Shanker, A.K.; Gunnapaneni, D.; Bhanu, D.; Vanaja, M.; Lakshmi, N.J.; Yadav, S.K.; Prabhakar, M.; Singh, V.K. Elevated CO2 and Water Stress in Combination in Plants: Brothers in Arms or Partners in Crime? Biology 2022, 11, 1330. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091330
Shanker AK, Gunnapaneni D, Bhanu D, Vanaja M, Lakshmi NJ, Yadav SK, Prabhakar M, Singh VK. Elevated CO2 and Water Stress in Combination in Plants: Brothers in Arms or Partners in Crime? Biology. 2022; 11(9):1330. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091330
Chicago/Turabian StyleShanker, Arun Kumar, Deepika Gunnapaneni, Divya Bhanu, Maddi Vanaja, Narayana Jyothi Lakshmi, Sushil Kumar Yadav, Mathyam Prabhakar, and Vinod Kumar Singh. 2022. "Elevated CO2 and Water Stress in Combination in Plants: Brothers in Arms or Partners in Crime?" Biology 11, no. 9: 1330. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091330