Dendrochronological Analysis of Pinus pinea in Central Chile and South Spain for Sustainable Forest Management
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Dendrochronological Study
2.3. Climate Data and Drought Indices
3. Results
3.1. Dendrochronological Statistics and Growth
3.2. Growth Responses to Climate
3.3. Comparing Growth between Countries and between Forest Types
4. Discussion
4.1. Growth Patterns
4.2. Growth Response to Climate
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Site | Location | Forest | Soil and Climate | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latitude | Longitude | Density (Trees ha−1) | Timespan | Age at Sampling (Years) | Type | Textural Class | Annual Rainfall (mm) | Average Temp. (°C) | Description | ||
Spain | Doñana | 37°2′ N | 6°35′ W | 180 | 1964–2017 | 54 | P | Sandy | 572 | 17.4 | Mediterranean oceanic |
Sierra Morena | 37°59′ N | 4°48′ W | 250 | 1927–2021 | 95 | N | Sandy | 518 | 17.9 | Xeric Mediterranean | |
Chile | Peñuelas | 33°11′ S | 71°29′ W | 833 | 1977–2017 | 40 | P | Loam | 384 | 13.6 | Warm-summer Mediterranean with winter rain and coastal influence |
Cahuil | 34°30′ S | 72°00′ W | 400 | 1987–2016 | 33 | P | Loam | 497 | 14.1 | Warm-summer Mediterranean with winter rain and coastal influence | |
Paredones | 34°42′ S | 71°53′ W | 625 | 1985–2017 | 35 | P | Sandy clayloam | 551 | 14.5 | Warm-summer Mediterranean with winter rain | |
Manquimiliu | 36°19′ S | 72°31′ W | 625 | 1993–2017 | 24 | P | Loam | 816 | 13.2 | Warm-summer Mediterranean with winter rain | |
Pastene | 38°12′ S | 72°60′ W | 625 | 1984–2017 | 33 | P | Loam | 1072 | 10.9 | Warm-summer Mediterranean with winter rain |
Country | Site (Code) | No. Trees (No. Cores) | BAI (cm2 y−1) † | BAI20 (cm2 y−1) † | CG (cm) † | AC | MS | Rbar | EPS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spain | Doñana (SP1) | 16 (31) | 23.9 ± 0.02 | 31.9 ± 0.02 | 22.9 ± 1.66 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.63 | 0.87 |
Sierra Morena (SP2) | 20 (39) | 13.6 ± 0.01 | 25.3 ± 0.01 | 20.8 ± 1.16 | 0.67 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.85 | |
Chile | Peñuelas (CH1) | 20 (39) | 9.4 ± 0.01 | 9.9 ± 0.01 | 14.5 ± 0.91 | 0.81 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.86 |
Cahuil (CH2) | 20 (39) | 10.9 ± 0.01 | 12.3 ± 0.01 | 12.5 ± 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.41 | 0.53 | 0.86 | |
Paredones (CH3) | 20 (40) | 12.3 ± 0.01 | 14.4 ± 0.01 | 11.3 ± 0.93 | 0.71 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 0.85 | |
Manquimiliu (CH4) | 18 (36) | 14.3 ± 0.01 | 16.9 ± 0.01 | 12.2 ± 1.22 | 0.69 | 0.35 | 0.71 | 0.89 | |
Pastene (CH5) | 15 (30) | 12.5 ± 0.01 | 15.2 ± 0.02 | 14.2 ± 1.13 | 0.66 | 0.34 | 0.76 | 0.90 |
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Loewe-Muñoz, V.; Cachinero-Vivar, A.M.; Camarero, J.J.; Río, R.D.; Delard, C.; Navarro-Cerrillo, R.M. Dendrochronological Analysis of Pinus pinea in Central Chile and South Spain for Sustainable Forest Management. Biology 2024, 13, 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080628
Loewe-Muñoz V, Cachinero-Vivar AM, Camarero JJ, Río RD, Delard C, Navarro-Cerrillo RM. Dendrochronological Analysis of Pinus pinea in Central Chile and South Spain for Sustainable Forest Management. Biology. 2024; 13(8):628. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080628
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoewe-Muñoz, Verónica, Antonio M. Cachinero-Vivar, Jesús Julio Camarero, Rodrigo Del Río, Claudia Delard, and Rafael M. Navarro-Cerrillo. 2024. "Dendrochronological Analysis of Pinus pinea in Central Chile and South Spain for Sustainable Forest Management" Biology 13, no. 8: 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080628