Reproductive Strategies and Embryonic Development of Autumn-Spawning Bitterling (Acheilognathus rhombeus) within the Mussel Host
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Spawning Period
2.3. Developmental Stage of the Embryos inside Mussels
2.4. Observation of the Minute Tubercles on the Embryos
2.5. Utilization of Host Mussels
2.6. Identification of the Species of Bitterling Embryos
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spawning Period
3.2. Developmental Stages of the Embryos inside Mussels
3.3. Observation of the Minute Tubercles on the Embryos
3.4. Utilization of Host Mussels
4. Discussion
4.1. Spawning Characteristics and Embryonic Development inside Mussels
4.2. Changes in the Minute Tubercles on Embryos
4.3. Distribution and Position of the Embryos in Mussels
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Embryonic Development | Stage | Characteristics of Embryos and Minute Tubercles |
---|---|---|
Eggs | Not hatching, nearly ovoid-shaped with yellow in color No minute tubercles on the skin surface | |
A | Motionless and undeveloped body parts Slight minute tubercles were observed on the skin surface | |
B | The larvae tail elongated backwards, and caudal portion appeared Minute tubercles developed over the entire body | |
Retarding stage | C | Optic cups without lens were clearly observed and moved faster The growth of minute tubercles was observed on the head and body regions |
Diapausing stage | D | The heart pulsated and notochord began to bend upwards The height of minute tubercles reached the maximum |
Reactivation stage | E | Melanin pigments formed on the optic cups and moved in a wiggly pattern The height of minute tubercles on the skin surface were reduced |
Eye pigmentation stage | F | Lenses were completely developed; melanin pigmentation increased The minute tubercles almost disappeared |
G | Formation of all the caudal fin rays was complete, and the dorsal and anal fin rays were formed The minute tubercles disappeared | |
H | The length of the upper and lower jaws was equal; larvae started to swim slightly | |
Free-swimming stage | I | Larvae swam out from the mussels and began to feed |
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Kim, H.; Choe, J.; Ko, M. Reproductive Strategies and Embryonic Development of Autumn-Spawning Bitterling (Acheilognathus rhombeus) within the Mussel Host. Biology 2024, 13, 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090664
Kim H, Choe J, Ko M. Reproductive Strategies and Embryonic Development of Autumn-Spawning Bitterling (Acheilognathus rhombeus) within the Mussel Host. Biology. 2024; 13(9):664. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090664
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hyeongsu, Jongryeol Choe, and Myeonghun Ko. 2024. "Reproductive Strategies and Embryonic Development of Autumn-Spawning Bitterling (Acheilognathus rhombeus) within the Mussel Host" Biology 13, no. 9: 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090664