How to Effectively Promote Vaccination during Public Health Emergencies: Through Inter-Organizational Interaction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Framework and Game Model
2.1. Description of Research Problems and Research Design
2.2. Settings and Explanation of Public Health Emergency Vaccination Game Model
2.3. Derivation of Public Health Emergency Vaccination Game Model
2.3.1. Replication Dynamic Equation (RDE) of Health Management Departments
2.3.2. RDE of Vaccinologists
2.3.3. RDE of the Public
2.4. Stability Analysis of Public Health Emergency Vaccination Game Model
2.4.1. Equilibrium Points of Public Health Emergency Vaccination Game Model
2.4.2. Analysis of Strategic Stability of Health Management Departments
2.4.3. Analysis of Strategic Stability of Vaccinologists
2.4.4. Analysis of Strategic Stability of the Public
3. Simulation Analysis of Public Health Emergency Vaccination Game System
3.1. Analyzing the Influence of the Range of Vaccination (δ)
3.2. Analyzing the Influence of the Diversification of Vaccination Information Release (φ)
3.3. Analyzing the Influence of the Level of Emergency Collaboration between Health Management Departments and Vaccinologists (θ)
3.4. Analyzing the Influence of the Public’s Awareness of Emergency Protection (ε)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Implications
5.1. Overall Conclusions
- (1)
- The range of vaccination, diversification of vaccination information release, level of emergency collaboration, and public’s awareness of emergency protection can all contribute to the formation of a public health emergency vaccination game system with a positive promotion strategy, active guidance strategy, and active vaccination strategy, which can effectively promote vaccination.
- (2)
- The range of vaccination affected both the costs of health management departments and the perceived losses of health management departments in public health emergencies. The diversification of vaccination information release has an impact on the costs to health management departments and vaccinologists, and also affects the emergency and vaccination benefits of health management departments and vaccinologists. Therefore, the influences of the range of vaccination and the diversification of vaccination information release on the strategy evolution of game subjects have two sides, and game trajectories have a tendency to exhibit fluctuation and repetition.
- (3)
- The level of emergency collaboration between health management departments and vaccinologists can reduce the costs of implementing vaccination. Collaboration can also enhance the enthusiasm of health management departments and vaccinologists to select a positive promotion strategy and an active guidance strategy.
- (4)
- A high level of public awareness of emergency protection can enhance the public’s understanding of viruses associated with public health emergencies and can increase their resolve to participate in vaccination. In addition, the higher the public’s awareness of emergency protection, the easier it is for health management departments and vaccinologists to publicize vaccine knowledge and answer vaccination-related questions.
- (5)
- When (1,1,1) is the stable state of the public health emergency vaccination game system, the convergence speed of health management departments and vaccinologists to form a stable strategy is greater than that of the public. This indicates that, although the public lags behind in selecting the active vaccination strategy, they may have increased enthusiasm for participating in vaccination due to the promotion strategies of health management departments and vaccinologists. Correspondingly, vaccination rates and coverage can also be improved.
5.2. Further Implications
- (1)
- Improving vaccination plans and strategies. Systematic and complete vaccination strategies guarantee the orderly implementation of vaccination. Therefore, the first step is to improve strategies pertaining to important matters such as clearing the target population, selecting a vaccine, and setting vaccination requirements according to the transmission characteristics of the virus. Moreover, a differentiated management plan for vaccination can be developed and implemented for high-risk groups and the general population. Secondly, continuous attention should be paid to the progress and effectiveness of vaccination. According to vaccine research, combined with knowledge of public health emergencies and virus mutation, the vaccination strategy should be adjusted to respond to the whole-cycle characteristics of public health emergencies. Thirdly, it is necessary to improve the whole-process traceability system of vaccines and the safety supervision to strengthen the process management and ensure efficient and smooth development, production, transportation, and delivery of vaccines.
- (2)
- Strengthening cross-departmental collaboration for vaccination. Cross-departmental collaboration (via, e.g., response linkage and working consultation) is important to support the implementation of vaccination. Specifically, it is necessary to strengthen the collaboration between upper and lower departments. Health management departments at higher levels should strengthen overall planning and coordination, and guide health management departments at lower levels to organize and implement vaccination work. Additionally, health management departments should provide guidance to local disease control departments, communities, and hospitals, and emphasize the responsibility of vaccination. It is also necessary to strengthen the collaboration between different functional departments. Vaccine research and development, production, transportation, and delivery—as well as supply, supervision, and other safeguarding measures—require the participation of multiple departments. For example, in the process of vaccine research and development, the collaboration of science and technology management departments, health management departments, and scientific research institutions is needed. In the process of vaccination, the collaboration of health management departments, communities, and hospitals is needed. In the process of vaccine safety supervision, the collaboration of health administration departments, drug administration departments, and market supervision departments is needed. In addition, the Chinese government has promoted a nationwide information system for vaccination and cross-departmental collaboration on vaccination at the data level, which is also worthy of note.
- (3)
- Mobilizing the enthusiasm of vaccinologists to participate in vaccination. Increasing the enthusiasm of vaccinologists to guide the public to participate in vaccination is important to promote the implementation of vaccination. Health management departments and related departments should provide incentives and platforms for vaccinologists. They should communicate with vaccinologists in a timely manner, fully respect their professional expertise, and listen to their suggestions about the implementation of vaccination. Moreover, commendation should be given to vaccinologists publicly so as to enhance their authority and reputation. Health management departments should build diversified communication platforms for vaccinologists to guide the public to participate in vaccination. For example, vaccinologists can be invited to participate in cross-departmental consultation meetings and vaccination press conferences. Teams of vaccinologists can also be established to provide on-site guidance for the implementation of vaccination. Through the above measures, vaccinologists can be more involved in vaccination during public health emergencies.
- (4)
- Encouraging the public’s initiative to participate in vaccination. The eagerness of the public to participate in vaccination is not only related to self-motivation, but also to the way government departments release vaccination information. Firstly, it is necessary to cultivate the public’s awareness about the means of protection against viruses and other public health emergencies in daily life. This can help to strengthen a whole population’s grasp of health knowledge and improve risk perception, information assessment, and self-protection abilities. Secondly, during public health emergencies, it is necessary to publicize vaccination knowledge, policy interpretations, and vaccination trends via various media such as public announcements, posters, education manuals, and short publicity videos, to maximize the different channels by which the public can obtain information about vaccination. Moreover, government departments can release information mainly through official channels and coordinate follow-up through multiple media platforms. Thirdly, organization and management of vaccination implementation should be improved. The vaccination location should be reasonable, the number of vaccination personnel should be appropriate, and vaccination appointments should be reservable online in advance to make public participation as convenient as possible.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Meaning of Parameter | Range of Parameter |
---|---|---|
C1 | The research and development costs of vaccines for health management departments. | |
C2 | The implementation costs of vaccination for health management departments. | |
C3 | The costs for health management departments of responding to the public’s demand for vaccination. | |
K | The costs for vaccinologists of guiding the public to participate in vaccination. | |
W | The costs for the public of participation in vaccination. | |
L1 | Health management departments’ perceived losses from public health emergencies. | |
L2 | Vaccinologists’ perceived losses from public health emergencies. | |
L3 | The public’s perceived losses from public health emergencies. | |
E1 | Health management departments’ perceived social security and economic development benefits from promoting vaccination. | |
E2 | Vaccinologists’ perceived benefits from guiding the public to participate in vaccination. | |
E3 | The public’s perceived benefits from vaccination. | |
G1 | Public credibility benefits gained by health management departments for promoting vaccination and effectively preventing and controlling public health emergencies. | |
G2 | Reputation benefits gained by vaccinologists for guiding the public to participate in vaccination. | |
α | The implementation intensity of health management departments to promote vaccination. | |
β | Vaccinologists’ initiatives to guide the public to participate in vaccination. | |
γ | The public’s initiative to vaccinate. | |
δ | The range of vaccination. | |
φ | The diversification of vaccination information release. | |
θ | The level of emergency collaboration between health management departments and vaccinologists. | |
ε | The public’s awareness of emergency protection when facing public health emergencies. |
Health Management Departments | Vaccinologists | The Public | |
---|---|---|---|
Active Vaccination Strategy z | Passive Vaccination Strategy 1 − z | ||
Positive promotion strategy x | Active guidance strategy y | , , | , , |
Passive guidance strategy 1 − y | , , | , , | |
Negative promotion strategy 1 − x | Active guidance strategy Y | , , | , , |
Passive guidance strategy 1 − y | , , | , , |
Equilibrium Point | Eigenvalue | ||
---|---|---|---|
λ1 | λ2 | λ3 | |
E1 (0,0,0) | |||
E2 (0,1,0) | |||
E3 (0,0,1) | |||
E4 (1,0,0) | |||
E5 (1,1,0) | |||
E6 (1,0,1) | |||
E7 (0,1,1) | |||
E8 (1,1,1) |
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Song, Y.; Ma, R.; Lian, C.; Guo, Y.; An, S. How to Effectively Promote Vaccination during Public Health Emergencies: Through Inter-Organizational Interaction. Systems 2024, 12, 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12080312
Song Y, Ma R, Lian C, Guo Y, An S. How to Effectively Promote Vaccination during Public Health Emergencies: Through Inter-Organizational Interaction. Systems. 2024; 12(8):312. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12080312
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Yuwei, Ruining Ma, Chenxi Lian, Yanan Guo, and Shi An. 2024. "How to Effectively Promote Vaccination during Public Health Emergencies: Through Inter-Organizational Interaction" Systems 12, no. 8: 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12080312