A 30-Year Probability Map for Oil Spill Trajectories in the Barents Sea to Assess Potential Environmental and Socio-Economic Threats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Resources of the Barents Sea
2.1. Environment
2.1.1. Protected Areas
2.1.2. Marine Resources
2.2. Economic Activities
2.2.1. Marine Resources
2.2.2. Transportation
2.2.3. Oil and Gas Industry
2.3. Local Communities
2.3.1. Indigenous Peoples
2.3.2. Regional Development
3. Location, Methods and Oil Characteristics
3.1. Location
3.2. Methods
3.3. Oil Characteristics
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Oil Behaviour and Spill Response Efficiency
4.1.1. Oil Types
4.1.2. Summer
4.1.3. Autumn and Winter
4.1.4. Spring
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oil Category | API, ° | Oil Density (⍴), kg/m3 |
---|---|---|
Light | API ≥ 31.1 | ⍴ ≤ 870 |
Medium | 22.3 ≤ API < 31.1 | 870 > ⍴ ≥ 920 |
Heavy | 10 ≤ API < 22.3 | 920 > ⍴ ≥ 1000 |
Extra-heavy | API < 10 | ⍴ > 1000 |
OSR Tools | Seasonal OSR Operability, % | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | ||||||||||
+ | +/– | – | + | +/– | – | + | +/– | – | + | +/– | – | ||
Dispersants | vessel application | 3 | 18 | 77 | 0 | 56 | 44 | 3 | 54 | 44 | 60 | 28 | 13 |
helicopter application | 19 | 68 | 14 | 5 | 5 | 90 | 19 | 21 | 61 | 54 | 19 | 27 | |
aircraft application | 9 | 58 | 34 | 0 | 6 | 94 | 3 | 21 | 77 | 10 | 47 | 44 | |
Mechanical recovery | 3 vessels with boom | 20 | 75 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 94 | 2 | 10 | 89 | 19 | 25 | 56 |
2 vessels with boom | 27 | 12 | 61 | 0 | 37 | 63 | 3 | 34 | 63 | 58 | 28 | 14 | |
1 vessel with outrigger | 2 | 31 | 68 | 0 | 22 | 78 | 0 | 14 | 85 | 37 | 44 | 19 | |
In situ burning | ignition from vessel | 5 | 55 | 40 | 0 | 26 | 74 | 2 | 27 | 71 | 20 | 56 | 24 |
ignition from helicopter | 5 | 7 | 88 | 1 | 2 | 97 | 4 | 13 | 84 | 11 | 21 | 69 |
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Pavlov, V.; Aguiar, V.C.M.d.; Hole, L.R.; Pongrácz, E. A 30-Year Probability Map for Oil Spill Trajectories in the Barents Sea to Assess Potential Environmental and Socio-Economic Threats. Resources 2022, 11, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11010001
Pavlov V, Aguiar VCMd, Hole LR, Pongrácz E. A 30-Year Probability Map for Oil Spill Trajectories in the Barents Sea to Assess Potential Environmental and Socio-Economic Threats. Resources. 2022; 11(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11010001
Chicago/Turabian StylePavlov, Victor, Victor Cesar Martins de Aguiar, Lars Robert Hole, and Eva Pongrácz. 2022. "A 30-Year Probability Map for Oil Spill Trajectories in the Barents Sea to Assess Potential Environmental and Socio-Economic Threats" Resources 11, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11010001