The Role of Positive Energy Communities in Accelerating the Adoption of Renewable Energies: Case Study, Tunisia

Abstract

This paper examines the key factors influencing the relationship between domestic energy consumption and renewable energy adoption in Tunisia, based on a survey of 1000 participants from various sectors, including students, teachers, and social media users. The findings reveal that while 65% of households report high energy consumption, mainly due to heating and air conditioning, only 35% have adopted energy-efficient technologies. Although 80% express concern about climate change, only 45% understand the connection between personal energy use and environmental impact. Additionally, 70% of respondents show a positive attitude toward solar energy, but 60% cite installation costs as a significant barrier. The paper focuses on the potential of positive energy communities (PECs), particularly in rural areas, where 75% of respondents showed interest. The study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive strategy combining education, policy frameworks, and community-driven energy solutions to reduce consumption and increase renewable energy use. Concrete recommendations are provided to support a sustainable energy transition in Tunisia, with a focus on enhancing energy autonomy and environmental preservation through PECs.

1. Introduction

Human activities, especially those related to the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and unsustainable industrial practices, have significantly disrupted the Earth’s climate systems [1]. These disruptions are largely responsible for the increased frequency and severity of natural disasters, rising global temperatures, and unpredictable weather patterns that threaten the well-being of ecosystems and human societies [2]. Climate change is no longer a distant threat but an immediate crisis that impacts every aspect of life on Earth, from agricultural production to human health, biodiversity, and even geopolitical stability. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the planet’s surface temperature has already risen by approximately 1.1 °C compared to pre-industrial levels [3], and if current trends continue, we could see global temperatures rise by as much as 1.5 °C or more by mid-century. This rise in temperature is predicted to have catastrophic consequences, exacerbating existing challenges related to water availability, food security, and migration, among others [4].

One of the central drivers of climate change is the global energy system, which remains heavily reliant on fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas [5]. The combustion of these fuels for electricity generation, transportation, and heating produces a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases, which trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. In fact, the energy sector is responsible for nearly 73% of global greenhouse gas emissions, making it the largest single contributor to climate change. While developed nations have historically been the largest emitters of CO₂, the rapid industrialization of emerging economies, coupled with growing populations and increasing energy demands, has led to a sharp rise in emissions from developing regions [6]. This global imbalance highlights the urgent need for a transition to a low-carbon energy system that can both mitigate climate change and support sustainable development.

The transition to renewable energy sources is critical for reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change [7]. Renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal, offer the potential to provide a substantial portion of global energy needs without emitting harmful pollutants [8]. These energy sources are not only environmentally sustainable but also economically viable, as the costs of renewable energy technologies have fallen significantly in recent years. Solar power, for example, has become one of the cheapest sources of electricity in many regions, making it an attractive option for both developed and developing countries [9]. Wind power is similarly cost-competitive, and advances in battery storage technologies have further enhanced the feasibility of integrating renewable energy into national grids [10]. These developments have led to a surge in renewable energy adoption, particularly in regions that are abundant in natural resources such as sunlight, wind, and water.

Despite the tremendous potential of renewable energy, the global transition to a clean energy future has faced significant barriers. One of the most pressing obstacles is the existing infrastructure, which is heavily invested in fossil fuel-based power generation [11]. Many countries face significant financial, technical, and regulatory challenges in upgrading their energy infrastructure to accommodate renewable energy technologies [12]. In addition, the political economy of energy systems, which is often intertwined with powerful fossil fuel industries, can impede the transition to renewables. This resistance is particularly strong in regions that have significant fossil fuel reserves, where vested interests may delay or block efforts to decarbonize the energy system.

North Africa, a region heavily reliant on fossil fuels for its energy needs, faces unique challenges and opportunities in the transition to renewable energy [13]. While the region has significant potential for renewable energy production, including some of the highest levels of solar irradiance in the world, the shift away from fossil fuels has been slow [14]. North Africa is home to some of the world’s largest oil and natural gas reserves, and fossil fuel exports have long been the backbone of many regional economies. The reliance on oil and gas not only fuels climate change but also exposes North African countries to the economic volatility caused by fluctuations in global energy prices. For example, in Tunisia, where oil and gas account for a significant portion of the country’s energy mix, the reliance on fossil fuels has made the economy vulnerable to energy price fluctuations, exacerbating the challenges of energy security and economic stability [15].

At the same time, North Africa’s geographic advantages offer significant potential for renewable energy development. The vast deserts of the Sahara, which span much of the region, receive an abundance of sunlight throughout the year, making solar energy a particularly viable option [16]. Wind energy is also a promising resource, with coastal areas in countries, including Tunisia, offering strong wind currents ideal for generating electricity. Moreover, with a growing awareness of the environmental and economic benefits of renewable energy, many North African governments have started to take steps to invest in cleaner energy technologies. Morocco, for instance, has become a regional leader in renewable energy, with ambitious projects such as the Noor Solar Complex in the Ouarzazate Desert, which is one of the largest concentrated solar power plants in the world [17]. Tunisia has also made strides in expanding its renewable energy capacity, with a goal of generating 30% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030 [16].

Nevertheless, the path to a sustainable energy future in North Africa is fraught with challenges. High initial investment costs, insufficient financial mechanisms, and a lack of technological expertise are among the key barriers to the widespread adoption of renewable energy. In many countries, including Tunisia, the energy sector is still heavily regulated and dominated by state-owned enterprises, which can slow down the implementation of renewable energy projects [15]. Furthermore, the social and cultural context in which energy decisions are made plays a crucial role in determining the success of renewable energy initiatives. Public awareness of the benefits of renewable energy is still limited in some regions, and the transition to clean energy may be met with resistance from communities that are dependent on fossil fuel-related industries for employment and income.

The North African region, with its shared geographical, cultural, and historical characteristics, provides a unique context for analyzing the challenges and opportunities related to renewable energy adoption [18]. Tunisia, as a North African country, shares many of these characteristics, which influence its approach to energy and climate change. Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, and Algeria all face similar challenges and opportunities in the renewable energy sector, shaped by their respective climates, historical ties, and political dynamics. Tunisia has significant solar and wind potential, especially in its southern regions, which is essential for addressing the country’s water scarcity and energy demands. The country’s strong connections to Mediterranean and Arab cultures influence its public awareness campaigns about renewable energy, which is seen as a future-forward solution. Despite this, Tunisia faces economic challenges such as lack of capital and high unemployment, which hinder large-scale renewable energy projects [19]. However, government incentives are promoting smaller-scale adoption. Tunisia’s stable government generally supports renewable energy, although political instability in the region can affect long-term projects. In terms of energy diversification, Tunisia aims to increase its reliance on solar and wind energy, although financing challenges make implementation difficult. The country has been attracting foreign investment through policies that encourage solar and wind projects, but financing difficulties continue to hinder faster progress. Tunisia’s renewable energy target is to generate 30% of its electricity from renewables by 2030, with significant emphasis on solar and wind power [20].

In Tunisia, where community networks play a crucial role in social organization, a localized positive energy community (PECs) model should integrate traditional clan-based governance structures to enhance participation and collective decision making. Additionally, financing models must be adapted to address limited access to private investment and reliance on state-controlled energy markets [21]. By aligning PECs with local social dynamics and financial constraints, Tunisia can develop a more inclusive and sustainable approach to energy transition. Positive energy communities (PECs) are decentralized, community-driven energy systems that generate, consume, and manage renewable energy locally, aiming for energy self-sufficiency while minimizing environmental impact [22]. The concept has gained significant attention in the literature as a sustainable solution for energy transition, fostering social cohesion, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing local energy resilience through innovative governance and technological integration [23]. In the European Union, PECs have been integrated into national energy policies, with countries like Germany and France leading the way in decentralized energy systems and community-based renewable energy projects [24]. Latin America has focused on PECs as a means to address energy access and social inclusion, with countries like Brazil implementing community solar projects [25]. Southeast Asia, characterized by diverse energy needs, has seen PECs emerge primarily in off-grid areas, promoting solar energy adoption in countries like the Philippines and Indonesia. While Europe emphasizes regulatory frameworks and technological innovation, Latin America prioritizes community empowerment and social impact. Southeast Asia’s PECs are often driven by local energy needs and sustainable development goals, demonstrating flexibility and innovation in resource-limited settings.

Egypt, with its extensive solar and wind potential, particularly along the Red Sea coast, also faces similar climatic conditions and is increasingly turning to renewable energy to address its energy needs [26]. The Egyptian government, leveraging the country’s historical and cultural ties, has initiated several renewable energy projects as part of its modernization strategy. Egypt is focusing on solar and wind energy to diversify its energy mix, with major projects such as the Benban Solar Park and the Gabal El-Zeit Wind Farm leading the way. The country’s high dependence on fossil fuels is a challenge, but it is investing heavily in renewables to reduce fossil fuel reliance. Egypt’s political stability and its engagement with international partnerships have provided the foundation for ambitious renewable energy targets, with a goal of generating 42% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2035 [27]. Egypt has attracted substantial investment from both the private sector and international entities, facilitating progress in renewable energy development.

Morocco, a regional leader in renewable energy, benefits from great solar and wind potential, particularly in its coastal and desert regions. The country’s cultural heritage has increasingly integrated sustainability into its future vision, leading to widespread public support for renewable energy projects, especially in rural areas. Economic diversification remains a challenge for Morocco, but renewable energy is seen as a key driver for job creation and economic growth [17]. The Moroccan government’s political stability and strong leadership have enabled significant progress in renewable energy policy. Notable projects such as the Noor Solar Complex and the Tarfaya Wind Farm highlight Morocco’s achievements in energy diversification. The country aims to generate 52% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030, positioning itself as a leader in renewable energy in the region [28]. International cooperation and investment have further bolstered Morocco’s renewable energy sector, especially in solar and wind energy [29].

In this context, an essential question arises: are ordinary citizens in Tunisia aware of these regional challenges, and have their behaviors towards household energy consumption reflected a growing awareness of climate change and sustainability? This is crucial for the development of positive energy communities (PECs), which offer an innovative model of self-sufficiency and energy efficiency.

Policies, educational initiatives, and awareness campaigns are vital for overcoming barriers like spending challenges and knowledge gaps [30]. Sustainable energy practices, especially renewable energy adoption, contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving energy efficiency, and conserving natural resources [31]. Technological advancements, socio-economic conditions, and education levels all influence the adoption of renewable energy at the household level [32].

To investigate this further, this study adopted a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to analyze household energy habits, awareness of climate change, and attitudes toward renewable energies in Tunisia. The study spanned three regions—urban, peri-urban, and rural—to ensure a representative sample of the country’s diverse demographic. A stratified random sample of 1000 households was surveyed, with key areas of investigation including demographic data, energy consumption patterns, climate change awareness, renewable energy perceptions, and community involvement in renewable energy projects.

Through this study, the research aim was to provide valuable insights into the motivations, challenges, and factors influencing household energy choices, thereby contributing to the broader goals of energy sustainability, climate resilience, and the development of positive energy communities in Tunisia.

The novelty of this study lies in its holistic approach to renewable energy adoption in Tunisia, focusing on cultural, societal, and regional factors. Unlike traditional studies that focus on technical or economic aspects, this research emphasizes the role of local traditions, community values, and regional disparities in shaping attitudes toward renewable energy. It highlights the need for region-specific strategies that consider socio-economic conditions and educational access and advocates for community-led initiatives like positive energy communities (PECs) to increase engagement and acceptance. Additionally, the study proposes customized financial incentives and uses local media and informal education to address knowledge gaps, offering a more people-centered approach to energy transition. This paper explores the relationship between domestic energy consumption patterns and the adoption of renewable energy technologies in Tunisia. Specifically, we aimed to investigate the barriers to renewable energy adoption, assess public awareness of climate change, and evaluate the potential of positive energy communities (PECs) as a sustainable energy solution. The study sought to provide insights into how community-based solutions can contribute to Tunisia’s energy transition and environmental goals.

2. Pathways to Building Positive Energy Communities

According to demographic data, the population of Tunisia is estimated at about 12 million inhabitants, which demonstrates a demographic diversity with a variety of ethnic groups, cultures, and language groups [22]. Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustrate the distribution and population growth in Tunisia, respectively. The Tunisian population is mainly composed of Arab-Berbers, with smaller European, Jewish, and other ethnic minorities, which enriches the nation’s cultural diversity. Considered a typical example of the North African region [24], Tunisia, with its abundant solar resources and favorable ocean climate, is particularly favorable to the advancement of renewable energy development due to its strategic position [23].

Recently, Tunisia has made notable progress in widening its electricity sector through government initiatives to improve access to energy and upgrade infrastructure. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the country has seen its electricity generation capacity increase from 3.8 GW in 2010 to about 5.3 GW in 2020, mainly due to investments in gas-powered energy solutions [24]. Despite this expansion, Tunisia is facing difficulties in meeting the growing demand for electricity, which results in numerous interruptions, especially during peak hours. The importance of sustainable energy practices is highlighted by these challenges, such as the adoption of renewable energies and community-based energy solutions such as PECs. The additional demand further highlights the importance of energy efficiency, household consumption management, and effective climate change awareness campaigns. Strengthening policies and including sustainability education is seen as essential to address these energy challenges and ensure long-term energy security. In the following section, some of the specific issues currently affecting Tunisia’s energy sector are outlined. Infrastructure modernization in Tunisia faces significant challenges due to financial constraints and bureaucratic barriers. The country’s aging power plants and transmission networks require urgent upgrades to support the transition to renewable energy and the establishment of positive energy communities (PECs). A prime example of these challenges is the TuNur solar project, which was announced in 2012 with the ambitious goal of exporting solar electricity from southern Tunisia to Europe. Despite its potential, the project has faced repeated delays, primarily due to financial, bureaucratic, and infrastructural obstacles. Initially designed as a 4.5 GW solar system connected to Europe via submarine cables, progress has been slow, even though there were attempts to relaunch the project in 2019 and again in 2021.

Another significant challenge is the demand–supply mismatch, which has become increasingly evident as population growth, urbanization, and economic expansion place pressure on Tunisia’s energy system. This imbalance is resulting in more frequent power shortages and outages, particularly during peak demand periods. For instance, during the summer of 2022, a heatwave drove electricity demand for air conditioning to over 4500 MW, overwhelming the network with its 5300 MW capacity. Additionally, Tunisia’s growing reliance on natural gas for electricity generation exacerbates the problem, as it necessitates costly imports. To address these issues, there is a pressing need for renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind, which can help meet high-demand periods and improve the system’s resilience.

Financial constraints also play a significant role in hindering the country’s shift to renewable energy. The transition requires substantial investments, but Tunisia struggles to secure the necessary capital due to financial limitations. A prime example is the TuNur solar project, which has faced delays in securing international funding due to Tunisia’s high-risk investment profile and economic instability. The absence of government guarantees and unclear regulatory frameworks has discouraged private investors, further limiting Tunisia’s ability to pursue large-scale renewable energy projects and implement community-based solutions like PECs.

Regulatory barriers also present a significant obstacle to the development of renewable energy projects in Tunisia. Complex regulatory processes and bureaucratic hurdles have slowed the execution of renewable energy initiatives. The Tunisian Wind Energy Programme, launched in 2013, faced significant delays in land allocation and regulatory approvals, which delayed the development of wind energy projects. Similarly, the wind farm project in the Gulf of Gabès was delayed for years due to regulatory challenges. These bureaucratic obstacles discourage private investment and hinder Tunisia’s ability to meet its renewable energy targets and foster PEC development. Streamlining the regulatory framework and improving policy coherence are crucial for supporting the growth of renewable energy in the country.

Technological limitations also pose challenges. Overcoming these barriers and building local capacity for renewable energy projects is essential for ensuring long-term sustainability. For example, the Tozeur solar power plant, a 10 MW project launched in 2016 in collaboration with Scatec Solar, encountered difficulties due to its reliance on foreign technologies. In response, Tunisia is working to reduce its dependency on foreign technology by developing local training programs and collaborating with international suppliers, such as the National Agency for Energy Efficiency (ANME), to promote sustainable practices and capabilities.

Political instability is another key factor disrupting Tunisia’s energy planning and policy implementation. Changes in government leadership and political priorities have led to delays in several energy projects. A notable example is the National Solar Plan, launched in 2012 with the goal of generating 4.7 GW of solar energy by 2030, which has faced delays due to political instability. Similarly, a 500 MW solar project announced in 2016 stalled due to political and bureaucratic obstacles. This highlights the importance of stable governance to achieving renewable energy targets and ensuring energy security.

Public awareness and participation play a crucial role in supporting Tunisia’s energy transition. Programs aimed at raising public awareness about renewable energy and energy efficiency are essential for building a supportive culture around sustainability. One such initiative is the Energiewende Tunisia program, launched in 2016, which sought to increase awareness through workshops, media campaigns, and school programs. Despite its potential, the program experienced delays due to limited funding and poor coordination between agencies. Public participation, particularly in shaping households’ energy consumption habits, is essential for fostering support for PECs and promoting sustainability education.

3. Survey Design

A central component of the methodology employed in this study is the stratified random sampling approach, carefully designed to ensure that the data collected accurately reflect the diverse demographic, geographic, and socio-economic landscape of Tunisia. Given the variations in energy consumption behaviors, cultural attitudes, and access to renewable energy technologies across Tunisia’s regions, the stratified random sampling method was selected to capture the nuances of these differences. This method allows for more precise generalizations and insights that reflect the country’s complex socio-economic and regional variations.

The decision to employ stratified random sampling was driven by the need to capture a representative sample of Tunisia’s diverse population. Tunisia’s demographic makeup includes significant differences in energy consumption patterns, cultural attitudes towards climate change, and exposure to renewable energy initiatives based on geographical factors. Urban areas, characterized by their higher population densities, greater infrastructure, and closer proximity to educational institutions and government policies, have different energy needs and behaviors compared to peri-urban and rural areas. Rural regions, in contrast, face infrastructural challenges, including limited access to energy resources, renewable energy technologies, and climate change awareness. To address these regional and demographic disparities, we divided the population of Tunisia into three distinct strata based on geographic location: urban, peri-urban, and rural areas. This allowed for a more balanced representation from each region, ensuring that the data captured insights into the energy consumption and attitudes of individuals from different parts of the country. Once the geographical strata were established, the research team was divided into three sub-teams, each tasked with focusing on one of the three regions. Each sub-team employed different methods to collect data, based on the specific characteristics and challenges of each region. For the urban regions, where access to online platforms and modern energy technologies is more widespread, the research team used targeted distribution methods to reach a broad sample. Surveys were distributed using social media platforms, university networks, and digital communication channels. In these urban zones, the population typically has greater access to technology and is more likely to be familiar with renewable energy initiatives. The researchers ensured that the survey was distributed to a demographically diverse group within urban settings, reaching participants from various socio-economic backgrounds, education levels, and age groups.

In the peri-urban and rural regions, where access to online platforms and digital surveys is more limited, the research team adapted its approach to ensure inclusion from these less accessible areas. Researchers traveled to these areas, engaging with local communities through face-to-face interactions and distributing paper surveys. In rural regions, where many households are often excluded from digital surveys due to limited internet access, this hands-on approach was essential for ensuring that these communities were adequately represented. Researchers also collaborated with local institutions, such as community centers and educational facilities, to facilitate survey distribution and increase participation rates.

By employing these diverse methods, the research team ensured that every region—whether urban, peri-urban, or rural—was accurately represented in the sample, addressing potential barriers to access and participation.

In addition to dividing the population by geographical location, the research team also considered several key demographic variables to ensure the sample was representative of Tunisia’s diverse population. These demographic factors included age, gender, educational level, and socio-economic status. Stratifying the sample by these variables allowed the research team to capture perspectives from various social groups, thereby ensuring that the survey results reflected the experiences and attitudes of individuals from all walks of life.

Age was considered as a key factor in this study. Age plays a significant role in shaping attitudes towards energy consumption and renewable energy technologies. Younger generations may be more receptive to renewable energy solutions due to their heightened awareness of climate change and technological advancements, whereas older generations may have different perceptions or face challenges in adopting new energy systems. Stratifying by age allowed for insights into how energy behaviors differ across age groups.

Furthermore, gender was also taken into account. Gender differences in energy consumption patterns and awareness of sustainability issues are important factors in understanding energy behaviors. For instance, women in rural areas might be more involved in household energy management, while men in urban areas may be more engaged in policy discussions surrounding energy transitions. By stratifying by gender, the research ensured a balanced representation of both male and female respondents, capturing gender-specific insights into energy consumption and attitudes towards renewable energy.

Additionally, education plays a crucial role in shaping attitudes towards climate change and renewable energy adoption. Those with higher levels of education are generally more aware of the environmental impacts of traditional energy sources and more open to adopting renewable technologies. Stratifying the sample based on educational attainment helped capture the varying levels of awareness and willingness to adopt renewable energy technologies among different educational groups.

Moreover, socio-economic status has a direct impact on energy consumption patterns, especially in rural and peri-urban areas where access to renewable energy technologies may be limited due to financial constraints. By considering socio-economic background, the research team was able to assess how economic factors influence energy behaviors and the willingness to invest in sustainable energy solutions.

By stratifying the sample based on these key demographic factors, we ensured that the study captured a broad range of perspectives on energy consumption and renewable energy adoption, offering a comprehensive view of how these factors influence behavior in different regions of Tunisia.

To ensure proportional representation across regions, the sample size was allocated according to the population distribution of Tunisia. According to the most recent demographic data, approximately 65–70% of Tunisia’s population resides in urban areas, 15–20% in peri-urban areas, and 15–20% in rural areas. The sample was adjusted to reflect these proportions, ensuring that each region was adequately represented in relation to its share of the national population. This approach allowed for a more accurate and balanced analysis, as the survey results would reflect the true population distribution of Tunisia, avoiding over- or underrepresentation of any one region. This allocation also accounted for the fact that urban areas tend to have larger sample sizes due to their higher population density and greater accessibility. In contrast, peri-urban and rural areas, despite being smaller in terms of population size, were still ensured sufficient representation to provide insights into energy consumption behaviors and renewable energy adoption in these regions. Ensuring the reliability and validity of the survey tools was a critical step in the research process. The survey instruments were carefully pre-tested and validated through a series of pilot studies and feedback loops to ensure that the questions were clear, understandable, and relevant to the target population. In fact, a pilot study was conducted with a small, diverse group of participants from urban, peri-urban, and rural regions. This allowed the research team to assess the clarity of the questions and identify any issues with the wording or structure of the survey. The pilot study also provided an opportunity to test the relevance of the questions for the target population, ensuring that they addressed the key themes of energy consumption, renewable energy adoption, and climate change awareness. Feedback was gathered from participants in the pilot study, which helped identify any confusing or unclear questions. Based on this feedback, the survey was revised to improve clarity and ensure that the questions were easily understood by a broad audience. The revision process also included addressing potential biases in the questions and refining the response options to ensure that the data collected would be as accurate and reliable as possible.

To enhance the reliability of the survey instruments, the research team incorporated best practices for survey design. This included using previously validated questions and scales where applicable, ensuring that the tools were designed to capture the necessary data accurately. The reliability of the interview process was also ensured by maintaining consistency in interviewer training and adherence to survey protocols. After incorporating the feedback and making necessary revisions, the final version of the survey was prepared. This version reflected the insights gathered from the pilot study and was designed to collect the most relevant and reliable data for the full study. The final survey ensured that all key themes were addressed and that the tools would yield valid and actionable results.

Once the survey instruments were finalized, the survey was disseminated through various channels, including social media platforms, emails, and WhatsApp messages. These digital channels were particularly useful for reaching urban participants and those with access to the internet. For peri-urban and rural participants, a more direct approach was used, with researchers traveling to these areas and conducting face-to-face surveys. This hands-on approach ensured that participants from hard-to-reach areas were not excluded from the study. The data collection phase lasted for four months, during which time the research team worked diligently to engage with participants and ensure that the sample was diverse and representative. Once the data were collected, they underwent thorough analysis to identify trends, insights, and patterns related to energy consumption, renewable energy adoption, and climate change awareness across Tunisia’s regions. Figure 3 shows the overall conceptual model developed for the analysis of factors affecting household energy consumption in Tunisia.

Table 1. Survey Questions on Household Energy Consumption and Climate Change Awareness in Tunisia.

Category	Questions	Aim of the Question
Demographic information	Academic level	Identify how the academic level of individuals influences their awareness of energy efficiency and climate change issues and whether education impacts energy-saving behaviors and willingness to adopt renewable energy technologies [33].
	Gender	Explore potential gender differences in household energy consumption patterns, awareness of climate change, and engagement in energy efficiency practices, as gender may influence attitudes toward sustainability and energy conservation [9].
	Age	Investigate how age correlates with energy consumption habits, climate change awareness, and adoption of renewable energy solutions. Younger and older age groups may exhibit different preferences for sustainable practices, energy-saving behaviors, and technological adoption [5].
Climate Change Awareness and Actions	What is the monthly average bill of electricity in your house	Assess the economic impact of household energy consumption by analyzing the financial burden of energy bills, which can inform policies and initiatives for improving energy efficiency and making renewable energy solutions more accessible to the population [34].
Awareness on Energy Efficiency and Climate Change	I am concerned about climate change and its impact on the environment	Evaluate the level of climate change awareness among households, which is critical for fostering support for energy-efficient practices and the transition to renewable energy sources as part of climate change mitigation strategies.
	I believe that reducing household energy consumption is important for mitigating climate change	Determine the extent to which individuals recognize the role of household energy consumption in climate change and whether they understand the link between energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.
	I have taken action to reduce our household’s energy consumption to reduce CO2 emissions	Identify whether individuals have actively engaged in reducing their household energy consumption as a strategy for reducing CO2 emissions, helping to gauge public participation in sustainable practices and contributing to climate change mitigation.
Education system	I have received enough information and education about the impact of household energy consumption on climate change	Assess the effectiveness of education systems in raising awareness about the environmental impact of household energy consumption and whether this education motivates individuals to adopt energy-efficient practices and support renewable energy initiatives.
Adoption of Renewable Energy Solutions	I am using renewable energy sources to produce electricity or for water heating	Analyze the extent to which renewable energy sources like solar panels and wind turbines are being adopted by households to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote sustainable energy solutions within the context of household energy consumption.
	I have a plan to install rooftop photovoltaic systems to produce electricity	Examine individuals’ intent to adopt renewable energy technologies (e.g., solar panels) to meet their household energy needs, which directly supports Tunisia’s transition to a more sustainable and decentralized energy grid through positive energy communities (PECs).
Support for Energy Policies and Regulations	I think that new policies should be implemented to encourage individuals to reduce their household energy consumption	Gauge the public’s awareness and support for new policies and regulations aimed at promoting energy efficiency and reducing household energy consumption, helping to inform government action and enhance policy coherence for sustainable energy transitions.
Economic Preferences for Energy Efficiency	I am willing to pay a higher price for energy-efficient appliances in order to reduce household’s carbon footprint	Evaluate the willingness of individuals to invest in energy-efficient technologies (e.g., appliances, heating systems, etc.) and their understanding of the long-term economic and environmental benefits, which can influence household energy consumption and contribute to climate change mitigation [35].

summarizes the survey questions on household energy consumption and climate change awareness in Tunisia.

The stratified random sampling approach used in this study was critical to ensuring that the survey results accurately represented the demographic and geographic diversity of Tunisia. By dividing the population into three distinct regions and considering demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and socio-economic background, we were able to capture a comprehensive view of energy behaviors, climate change awareness, and renewable energy adoption across the country. This approach, along with the pre-testing and validation of the survey tools, ensured that the data collected were reliable and reflective of Tunisia’s diverse population.

Ultimately, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into the factors influencing renewable energy adoption and climate change awareness in Tunisia. The results will help inform policy decisions and contribute to the development of strategies for promoting sustainable energy solutions in urban, peri-urban, and rural areas. By carefully managing the sampling process and ensuring a balanced representation of Tunisia’s diverse population, this study provides a solid foundation for future research and policy initiatives aimed at advancing the transition to renewable energy in Tunisia.

4. Analysis of Survey Results

The survey results unveiled the multifaceted profile of the participants, reflecting a diverse cross-section of the Tunisian populace. Analysis of academic qualifications revealed a significant proportion of highly educated individuals, with over one-third holding Ph.D. degrees (37.3%), as depicted in Figure 4. This trend underscores the engagement of a well-educated cohort in discussions pertaining to household energy consumption and climate change. The prevalence of advanced degrees suggests a propensity for critical thinking and a nuanced understanding of complex environmental issues among survey respondents. Moreover, the gender distribution, as shown in Figure 5, within the survey sample offers intriguing insights into societal dynamics and gender disparities in environmental engagement. Figure 6 shows the distribution of participants according to their age. More than 59% of participants belong to the range of 25–55 years.

The economic framework is one of the key elements influencing household energy consumption, especially the cost of electricity. As mentioned previously, respondents provided valuable information on the financial consequences of electricity use in Tunisia. According to the survey responses shown in Figure 7, 31% of participants reported a monthly electricity charge of less than TND 100, which is equivalent to about 33 euros. Additionally, 44.8% of respondents reported monthly payments between TND 100 and TND 200. These results highlight the financial burden associated with electricity spending for a large proportion of Tunisian households. The distribution of electricity bill costs underscores the challenges individuals face in managing their family budgets amidst rising energy costs. Given the large share of the population spending a significant portion of their income on electricity bills, it is urgent to establish measures to reduce this financial pressure. Furthermore, the survey results suggest that current electricity prices are considered high relative to the income levels of most occupants. The results emphasize the importance of implementing strategies to address the issue of electricity accessibility for households, especially those with limited financial resources. It would be beneficial to introduce measures such as subsidizing electricity costs for low-income families or implementing tiered rates based on income levels to alleviate the financial burden on vulnerable households. Additionally, promoting energy efficiency measures and adopting renewable energy can help reduce overall electricity use and mitigate the impact of high energy costs on household budgets. Moreover, it is clear that the correlation between electricity cost and consumption behavior is significant, as higher prices can encourage households to adopt energy-saving practices and technologies to lower their electricity bills. Therefore, it is essential to consider the affordability of electricity to ensure equitable access to energy while promoting sustainable consumption behaviors and mitigating the socio-economic consequences of energy poverty.

The survey results revealed a significant level of awareness among respondents regarding the impact of climate change on the environment. As shown in Figure 8, 61% of the surveyed population strongly agreed that climate change has a substantial impact on the environment, while an additional 31% expressed agreement with this statement. These findings indicate widespread recognition of the environmental challenges posed by climate change within the Tunisian community. The high level of agreement underscores the urgency of addressing climate change and its associated risks, including extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and ecosystem disruptions. Moreover, it reflects a growing understanding among Tunisians of the interconnectedness between human activities and environmental degradation, highlighting the need for collective action to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, the survey results suggest strong consensus among Tunisians on the importance of addressing climate change through proactive measures. The recognition of climate change as a pressing issue aligns with global efforts to accelerate climate action and transition to a low-carbon economy. These findings emphasize the importance of raising awareness and fostering education on climate change-related issues within the Tunisian community. By enhancing public understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change, individuals can make informed decisions and take proactive steps to mitigate their environmental footprint. Additionally, the survey results provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to develop climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies tailored to the needs and priorities of the Tunisian population. By aligning policies with public awareness and attitudes, policymakers can garner support for ambitious climate action initiatives and foster a culture of sustainability and environmental stewardship within the country.

Figure 9 shows that respondents were well aware of the consequences of domestic energy use on the environment. Remarkably, almost 90% of respondents agreed that residential energy use has an immediate impact on the environment. This conclusion confirms that the general population in Tunisia recognizes the relationship between energy use and environmental degradation. The survey’s high level of awareness aligns with other climate change awareness studies, showing that Tunisians consistently acknowledge environmental issues. This highlights the importance of changing energy use patterns to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainability.

However, it is important to note that nearly 10% of the population expressed neutrality or disagreement regarding the environmental consequences of domestic energy consumption. Although this group is a minority, their views should be considered in the development of targeted interventions and educational campaigns. Addressing the concerns and misconceptions of this group can help foster a deeper understanding of energy conservation and its ecological significance.

Participants also provided responses regarding their involvement in measures to reduce household energy consumption. The goal was to evaluate the implementation of climate change information and the effectiveness of strategies to limit electricity use. Figure 10 presents the survey results, showing that 78% of respondents have taken preventative measures to reduce energy consumption in their homes. These measures include engaging in energy-saving practices, investing in energy-efficient appliances, and adopting renewable energy technologies. The high level of commitment reflects a shared desire to reduce energy consumption and its environmental impact within the Tunisian community.

However, it is notable that 18% of the population expressed neutrality regarding measures to reduce electricity use. This presents an opportunity for targeted interventions and information campaigns to encourage greater participation in energy conservation efforts. By addressing barriers and emphasizing the benefits of energy reduction initiatives, stakeholders can mobilize more support and improve the effectiveness of energy conservation programs.

The survey aimed to assess the effectiveness of educational initiatives in increasing awareness about household energy consumption and its impact on climate change within the Tunisian population. Figure 11 provides insights into the distribution of respondents’ evaluations of the education and information system regarding this critical issue. The results show that while a majority of participants, approximately 60%, received education on household energy consumption and its environmental implications during their academic studies, a significant portion of the population, over 20%, indicated that they did not receive adequate information or education on this topic. This finding highlights potential gaps in the educational curriculum, suggesting that some academic programs may not sufficiently cover the complex relationship between energy usage, environmental sustainability, and climate change.

The discrepancy in educational exposure presents an opportunity for educational institutions and policymakers to enhance the integration of energy conservation and environmental awareness into academic curricula at all levels. By expanding educational initiatives and incorporating interdisciplinary approaches, institutions can ensure that students across various disciplines receive comprehensive training on the importance of sustainable energy practices and their role in mitigating climate change.

Furthermore, the survey results suggest the need for targeted interventions to address knowledge gaps among segments of the population that have not received adequate education on household energy consumption and climate change. This calls for the development of awareness programs, workshops, and educational campaigns tailored to specific demographics to raise awareness and stimulate understanding of environmental sustainability.

Moreover, the findings emphasize the importance of continuous professional development and training opportunities for educators to equip them with the knowledge and skills necessary to effectively teach about energy conservation and climate change. By investing in teacher training programs and curriculum development initiatives, educational institutions can empower educators to deliver engaging and informative lessons on environmental topics, thereby instilling a sense of responsibility and environmental stewardship among future generations.

In summary, while the survey indicates a significant level of awareness among some segments of the population, there remains a need for comprehensive and inclusive educational strategies to ensure that all Tunisians are equipped with the knowledge and understanding needed to address household energy consumption and contribute to sustainable development efforts. By prioritizing education and awareness-raising initiatives, Tunisia can cultivate a more environmentally conscious society and accelerate progress towards its sustainability goals.

In Tunisia, there has been a noticeable surge in interest among the population towards harnessing renewable energy sources, particularly through the installation of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems for electricity generation. The recent survey results, as depicted in Figure 12, shed light on the current status of renewable energy utilization among Tunisian households. Despite widespread awareness regarding household energy consumption and climate change, a significant portion, over 55% of the respondents, are not currently utilizing renewable energy sources. This can be attributed primarily to the considerable initial investment required for installing rooftop PV systems, which acts as a barrier to widespread adoption despite the high awareness levels among the population. However, there remains considerable promise for the adoption of renewable energy technologies, as evidenced by the substantial proportion of respondents expressing their willingness to install PV systems. Figure 13 illustrates this attitude, with 58% of the surveyed population indicating an interest in and planning for the installation of rooftop PV systems for household energy consumption. This notable level of interest underscores the potential for scaling up renewable energy adoption in Tunisia. The Tunisian government, recognizing the importance of renewable energy in achieving sustainability goals, has taken proactive measures to promote the installation of PV systems. Through initiatives led by the state electricity and gas company (STEG), the government has implemented various incentives to encourage the adoption of renewable energy technologies. These incentives include offering low-interest bank loans and streamlining regulations for grid-connected PV installations. Despite these efforts, the installed PV capacity in Tunisia remains below target levels, primarily due to economic constraints and awareness issues among the population. The survey results underscore the significant potential for increasing the installed PV capacity in Tunisia, if adequate support mechanisms and policies are in place. Policymakers are urged to further refine existing policies and introduce additional measures aimed at supporting low-income individuals in accessing and installing PV systems. By leveraging the population’s willingness to embrace renewable energy technologies, Tunisia can expedite its transition towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy landscape.

The Tunisian population has shown a growing interest in adopting renewable energy sources, especially rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, for power generation. Despite the increase in education about household energy use and climate change, as the survey results show, more than 55% of the population has not yet adopted renewable energy sources (Figure 14). This trend can mainly be attributed to the high costs of installing photovoltaic systems on the roof. Although the population is highly sensitive to environmental issues, economic constraints are hindering the widespread adoption of renewable energy technologies. In response to this difficulty, the Tunisian government, through the public electricity and gas company (STEG), has implemented various initiatives and benefits to promote the installation of photovoltaic systems. STEG connects small, medium, and large photovoltaic power stations to the main power plant. Recent regulations have been put in place to encourage electricity users to install grid-connected photovoltaic generation stations, including the proposal of funds, such as low-interest bank loans; however, despite these efforts, the installed capacity of solar panels in Tunisia remains below the expected value. Economic and information gaps continue to hamper progress in the adoption of renewable energy. In order to assess the possibility of increasing the capacity of solar panels, the survey included a question concerning the intentions of individuals to install solar photovoltaic panels on roofs for the use of domestic energy (Figure 15). Optimistically, 58% of the population expressed interest and intention to install energy efficient appliances, which represents a very optimistic situation. This good indicator highlights the importance for policymakers to modify and improve existing measures to further support the adoption of new efficient appliances, particularly among low-income households. Through other financial benefits, simplified administrative procedures, and targeted education programs, the Tunisian government can promote better adoption of renewable energy technologies. Additionally, policymakers can adjust their interventions to address specific barriers and motivations identified among different demographic groups. By fostering a conducive regulatory environment and promoting public–private partnerships, Tunisia can accelerate its transition towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future while simultaneously advancing its climate change mitigation objectives.

5. Recommendations Based on Regional Characteristics in Tunisia

5.1. Expand Climate Change Education and Awareness

A key component for sustainable energy adoption is enhancing climate change education, especially considering the regional differences in awareness. While 80% of respondents expressed concern about climate change, only 45% understood the connection between energy consumption and environmental impact. This disparity suggests that while there is a high level of concern about climate change, there is a significant gap in knowledge regarding the role of individual actions in addressing it. To address this, this study emphasizes the need for targeted educational interventions that not only raise awareness about climate change but also explicitly connect personal energy consumption to environmental outcomes. These educational programs should be adapted to regional contexts, ensuring that the material is relevant and actionable for all communities. Rural areas are particularly vulnerable due to gaps in education.

Coastal Regions: With access to well-established institutions like the University of Tunis, these areas can integrate comprehensive climate science and energy efficiency courses into their school and university curricula. Public awareness campaigns through media and group workshops can further reinforce climate action.

Sahel Regions: With a high school enrollment rate of around 90%, programs focused on desertification and the benefits of solar energy should be implemented to engage local communities. Workshops addressing climate change’s impact, particularly desertification, can be crucial.

Rural Areas: Targeted campaigns that combine renewable energy use with green farming practices can help bridge the knowledge gap. For instance, the Energiatehokas Koulu program in Finland, which engages children and families in energy conservation practices, could inspire regional adaptations in Tunisia.

5.2. Increase Financial Support for Renewable Energy Technologies

The financial barrier is a significant challenge to renewable energy adoption, with 60% of respondents citing the high cost of installation as an obstacle. Beyond installation costs, the survey revealed that respondents also face challenges related to limited access to financing options, a lack of subsidies for low-income households, and complicated government incentives that deter potential adopters.

Coastal Urban Areas: Providing subsidies for rooftop solar panels and energy-efficient appliances can help those with reliable electricity access (99% in coastal regions) adopt renewable technologies.

Saharan Regions: Offering grants and low-interest loans for off-grid solutions, such as solar micro-grids, can leverage the exceptional solar radiation in these regions. Large-scale solar installations can also be supported to maximize the region’s solar potential.

Inland Rural Areas: Promoting wind energy and hybrid micro-grids through tax rebates and government-backed funding schemes can accelerate renewable energy adoption in areas where 85% of households have reliable electricity access.

5.3. Foster the Development of Positive Energy Communities (PECs)

With 60% of respondents interested in PECs and interest rising to 75% in rural areas, community-driven renewable energy projects can play a pivotal role in Tunisia’s energy transition. This study found that rural areas demonstrated greater enthusiasm for PECs than urban areas, which can be attributed to a combination of factors. Rural communities, often more closely tied to agriculture and reliant on off-grid solutions, are more open to decentralized, community-owned models that offer increased energy autonomy and stability. Additionally, these areas have limited access to the national grid, making PECs an attractive alternative for enhancing energy resilience.

Rural Inland and Saharan Regions: PECs can be developed around solar micro-grids and small-scale wind farms. Community ownership models, supported by grants and technical assistance, can improve energy access while fostering local engagement.

Coastal Regions: Urban areas can integrate PECs into the existing grid, with a focus on energy efficiency and collaborative solar energy use among neighborhoods. This model could mirror Denmark’s community wind farms, balancing technical, financial, and social aspects.

5.4. Simplify the Regulatory Process for Renewable Energy Projects

The complex regulatory environment is a major barrier to renewable energy adoption, as identified by 60% of respondents. Further, the present study pointed out that lengthy approval processes and bureaucratic hurdles significantly delay project implementation, contributing to discouragement among potential investors and communities.

Coastal Urban Areas: Fast-track permits for rooftop solar installations and energy-efficient technologies can speed up transitions in urban settings.

Saharan Regions: Streamlining approval processes for large-scale solar farms and off-grid projects will enhance the adoption of renewable energy in the region. Pilot programs to test regulatory reforms can provide valuable insights for scaling up.

Inland Areas: Simplifying regulations for wind turbines and rural micro-grids will encourage private sector investment and community involvement. Drawing inspiration from Morocco’s renewable energy framework could help Tunisia create a more efficient approval process for small-scale projects.

The graph above (Figure 16) provides a clear summary of the regional challenges and needs for renewable energy adoption in Tunisia. It displays for each region:

Renewable Energy Potential: Represents the potential for solar and other renewable energy sources in each region.

Education/Climate Change Awareness Gap: Shows the gap in understanding and awareness of climate change and renewable energy.

Financial Barriers: Indicates the challenges related to high installation costs and financial limitations.

This chart visually compares the disparities across regions, helping to quickly elucidate the key areas where interventions are needed to promote renewable energy adoption effectively.

5.5. Cultural and Societal Factors Influencing Renewable Energy Adoption

Cultural Perceptions of Energy and Environment: In Tunisia, traditional energy sources, such as fossil fuels and wood, are often deeply ingrained in the culture, particularly in rural and less urbanized regions. These communities may view renewable energy technologies with skepticism due to unfamiliarity or perceived incompatibility with established practices. However, increasing awareness of the environmental impact of traditional energy use, especially in the face of climate change, is creating a cultural shift that could support the adoption of renewable energy solutions. Education programs should be tailored to respect and integrate local values while highlighting the environmental benefits and alignment with community goals.

Regional Attitudes toward Change and Innovation: Some regions in Tunisia, particularly rural and inland areas, may exhibit resistance to new technologies due to a preference for maintaining traditional lifestyles. This resistance can be addressed through community-based solutions and emphasizing the role of local leadership in advocating for change. Community leaders, religious figures, and other influential individuals can play a crucial role in bridging the gap between modern renewable technologies and traditional values, ensuring that these solutions are seen as beneficial rather than foreign impositions.

Education and Awareness: As discussed, regional disparities in education levels can influence attitudes toward renewable energy. Coastal areas with access to better educational resources may be more aware of climate change and its connection to energy consumption, while rural areas may lack sufficient education on these topics. To address these disparities, education programs should be region-specific, with a focus on increasing awareness of the link between energy consumption and environmental impact, particularly in desert and agricultural regions. Tailoring workshops and campaigns to local contexts can help bridge the knowledge gap and encourage the adoption of renewable energy technologies.

Socio-Economic Factors and Resistance to High Initial Costs: Socio-economic conditions also affect the adoption of renewable energy technologies. In wealthier, urbanized areas, there may be more openness to investing in renewable solutions, whereas in poorer, rural areas, high upfront costs can be a significant barrier. Financial incentives and support mechanisms should be regionally targeted to address these economic disparities. For instance, subsidies and grants in urban areas can help ease the adoption of rooftop solar panels, while low-interest loans and support for off-grid solutions in rural areas can drive adoption where access to the national grid is limited.

Community Engagement and Participation: Rural communities, which often rely on agriculture and have close-knit social structures, are more likely to support community-driven initiatives such as positive energy communities (PECs). In these areas, renewable energy solutions should be promoted through community ownership models, where local populations are not just beneficiaries but active participants in energy generation. This can lead to higher levels of trust, participation, and long-term sustainability of renewable energy projects.

6. Conclusions

Tunisia is at a crucial turning point in its energy transition, with significant potential to leverage its regional diversity for sustainable energy development. Our study revealed that 65% of households report high energy consumption, mainly for heating, while only 35% have adopted energy-efficient technologies. This presents a clear opportunity to improve energy efficiency across all regions. Although 80% of respondents were concerned about climate change, only 45% understood the link between personal energy consumption and environmental impact, highlighting the need for targeted climate change education and public awareness, especially in rural areas.

Our findings showed that rural regions, especially in the Saharan areas, exhibit strong support for positive energy communities (PECs), with 75% of rural respondents expressing enthusiasm for such initiatives. The regional differences—ranging from the solar-rich Sahara to the energy-efficient coastal areas—require tailored approaches for renewable energy integration. Coastal regions, with access to the grid and established infrastructure, are ideal for community-based renewable energy solutions, while Saharan regions need off-grid solutions and significant infrastructure investments. To meet Tunisia’s target of 30% renewable energy by 2030, we recommend a comprehensive strategy that includes educational reforms, financial support for renewable technologies, and regulatory frameworks that promote PECs. With 60% of respondents expressing interest in PECs, particularly in rural areas, streamlining the permitting process and providing incentives will be key to accelerating Tunisia’s transition to cleaner energy. This approach will not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also empower communities, contributing to a more resilient and sustainable energy future. Tunisia has the opportunity to become a model for North Africa, demonstrating how community-based energy solutions and sustainable development can address the intertwined challenges of energy consumption, climate change, and socioeconomic growth.

When compared to the existing literature, our findings align with global trends showing a strong correlation between rural support for PECs and the need for tailored regional energy solutions. However, unlike some studies in developed regions, Tunisia’s socio-economic context and rural infrastructure challenges necessitate a more adaptive and flexible approach to PEC implementation.