The Formulation of Dermato-Cosmetic Products Using Sanguisorba minor Scop. Extract with Powerful Antioxidant Capacities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Extraction Procedure
2.4. Development of the Cosmetic Formulations
2.5. Antioxidant Capacity
2.5.1. DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)
2.5.2. FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay)
2.5.3. TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity)
2.5.4. CUPRAC (Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity)
2.5.5. Determination of the Synergistic Effects (SEs) of S. minor Scop. Extract Mixtures
2.6. Physico–Chemical Parameter Determinations
2.6.1. Organoleptic Characteristics
2.6.2. Determination of pH
2.6.3. Density
2.6.4. Accelerated Stability Study
2.6.5. Determination of Moisture and Volatile Substances
2.6.6. Determination of Type of Cream (Dilution Test)
2.7. Spreadability Study
2.8. In Vitro Polyphenol Release from Topical Dermato-Cosmetic Formulas
2.9. Sensory Evaluation of Dermato-Cosmetic Products
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Combinations of Plant Tissues Belonging to the S. minor Scop. Plant from the Point of View of Antioxidant Capacity
3.2. Physico-Chimic Characteristics
3.3. The Spreadability of the Cosmetic Formulations
3.4. Release Studies
3.5. Sensory Characterization of S. minor Scop. Dermato-Cosmetic Products
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Codification Samples | Codification Explanation |
---|---|
1:1:1 | Equal parts of roots, leaves, and flowers of S. minor Scop. (v/v/v) |
2:1:1 | The ratio of roots, leaves, and flowers of S. minor Scop. was 2:1:1 (v/v/v) |
2:2:1 | The ratio of the roots, leaves, and flowers of S. minor Scop. was 2:2:1 (v/v/v) |
2:1:2 | The ratio of the roots, leaves, and flowers of S. minor Scop. was 2:1:2 (v/v/v) |
1:2:1 | The ratio of the roots, leaves, and flowers of S. minor Scop. was 1:2:1 (v/v/v) |
1:2:2 | The ratio of the roots, leaves, and flowers of S. minor Scop. was 1:2:2 (v/v/v) |
1:1:2 | The ratio of the roots, leaves, and flowers of S. minor Scop. was 1:1:2 (v/v/v) |
Components | Cream (g) | Hydrogel (g) | Emulgel (g) |
---|---|---|---|
Mango butter | 7.50 | - | 7.50 |
Extract of S. minor Scop. * | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Purified beeswax | 2.00 | - | 2.00 |
Olliva emulsifier | 3.00 | - | 3.00 |
Vegetable glycerin | 3.40 | 3.40 | 3.40 |
Carbomer 940 | - | 1.00 | 1.00 |
TEA (triethanolamine) | - | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Tocopherol | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Fragard | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
Distilled water | 82.00 | 92.50 | 80.00 |
Ingredients | Functions | Reference |
---|---|---|
Mango butter | Skin protector, emollient, moisturizer | [44] |
Sanguisorba minor | Antioxidant | [45] |
Beeswax | Natural emulsifier, humectant, antimicrobial | [46] |
Olliva emulsifier | Biodegradable surfactant/emulsifier | [47] |
Water | Solvent | [48] |
Glycerin | Humectant, skin protector, solvent, viscosity controller | [49] |
Carbopol 940 | Emulsifier, stabilizer, suspender, thickener, gelling agent | [50] |
Triethanolamine | Surface-active agent | [51] |
Tocopherol | Antioxidant | [52] |
Fragard | Preservative, antimicrobial | [53] |
Samples | SMR | SML | SMF | 1:1:1 | 2:1:1 | 2:2:1 | 2:1:2 | 1:2:1 | 1:2:2 | 1:1:2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tests | |||||||||||
DPPH (mmol TE/mL) | 90.87 ± 13.07 A | 18.66 ± 2.76 B | 9.16 ± 0.89 C | 55.59 ± 1.75 a | 56.68 ± 12.26 a | 51.97 ± 5.77 a | 66.62 ± 3.37 a,b | 54.36 ± 3.46 a | 43.67 ± 4.71 a,c | 55.05 ± 9.77 a | |
SEs | - | - | - | 1.42 ± 0.43 a (synergistic) | 1.08 ± 0.23 a (additional) | 1.14 ± 0.13 a (synergistic) | 1.52 ± 0.08 a (synergistic) | 1.58 ± 0.10 a (synergistic) | 1.49 ± 0.16 a (synergistic) | 1.72 ± 0.31 a (synergistic) | |
FRAP (µmol TE/mL) | 8.31 ± 0.30 A | 8.88 ± 0.01 B | 8.65 ± 0.08 A,B | 51.0 ± 4.05 a | 54.23 ± 5.62 a | 45.15 ± 6.81 ab | 56.44 ± 0.62 a | 45.81 ± 0.99 a | 36.72 ± 3.74 b | 49.49 ± 7.64 a | |
SEs | - | - | - | 0.61 ± 0.05 a (antagonistic) | 0.65 ± 0.07 a (antagonistic) | 0.54 ± 0.08 ab (antagonistic) | 0.68 ± 0.01 a (antagonistic) | 0.55 ± 0.01 a (antagonistic) | 0.44 ± 0.05 b (antagonistic) | 0.60 ± 0.09 a (antagonistic) | |
TEAC (µmol TE/mL) | 3.26 ± 0.17 A | 1.28 ± 0.09 B | 1.58 ± 0.27 B | 1.23 ± 0.05 b | 2.26 ± 0.16 a | 1.35 ± 1.12 b | 3.09 ± 0.89 a | 2.18 ± 0.16 a | 1.94 ± 0.16 a | 2.97 ± 0.05 a | |
SEs | - | - | - | 0.60 ± 0.03 b (antagonistic) | 0.97 ± 0.07 a (additional) | 0.63 ± 0.53 b (antagonistic) | 1.41 ± 0.41 a (synergistic) | 1.18 ± 0.09 a (synergistic) | 1.08 ± 0.09 a (synergistic) | 1.54 ± 0.03 a (synergistic) | |
CUPRAC (µmol TE/mL) | 182.10 ± 3.14 A | 71.54 ± 1.29 C | 126.29 ± 4.44 B | 136.56 ± 10.34 a | 153.99 ± 29.94 a | 139.49 ± 2.40 a | 141.06 ± 0.18 a | 121.06 ± 0.18 ab | 103.68 ± 13.12 b | 127.07 ± 4.43 a | |
SEs | - | - | - | 1.05 ± 0.08 a (additional) | 1.10 ± 0.21 a (synergistic) | 1.11 ± 0.02 a (synergistic) | 1.02 ± 0.00 a (additional) | 1.07 ± 0.07 a (synergistic) | 0.89 ± 0.11 a (antagonistic) | 1.00 ± 0.03 a (additional) |
Physico-Chemical Characteristics | CTRLH_M | H_SM | CTRLE_M | E_SM | CTRLC_M | C_SM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall appearance | Solid, homogeneous | Solid, homogeneous | Solid, homogeneous | Solid, homogeneous | Solid, homogeneous | Solid, homogeneous |
Fragrance | Odorless | Characteristic | Odorless | Characteristic | Odorless | Characteristic |
Color | Colorless | Light orange | White | White | White | Cream-colored |
Physical appearance | Translucent gel, viscous consistency | Translucent gel, viscous consistency | Emulsion with a milky, homogeneous appearance | Emulsion with a milky, homogeneous appearance | Opaque, homogeneous | Opaque, homogeneous |
Texture | Viscous | Viscous | Smooth, creamy | Smooth, creamy | Smooth, creamy | Smooth, creamy |
Consistency | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good |
Phase separation | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Immediate sensation on the skin | Quickly penetrated the skin without a greasy film | Quickly penetrated the skin without a greasy film | Quickly penetrated the skin without a greasy film | Quickly penetrated the skin without a greasy film | Some greasiness was observed and no grittiness | Quickly penetrated the skin without a greasy film |
Absorption | Less than 1 min | Less than 1 min | Less than 1 min | Less than 1 min | 1–2 min | 1–2 min |
pH (22.5 °C) | pH = 7.49 ± 0.07 a | pH = 7.50 ± 0.03 a | pH = 7.00 ± 0.03 b | pH = 7.12 ± 0.04 b | pH = 7.55 ± 0.02 a | pH = 6.17 ± 0.03 c |
Density (g/cm3) | 1.10 ± 0.04 a | 1.13 ± 0.03 a | 1.11 ± 0.03 a | 1.16 ± 0.02 a | 0.95 ± 0.03 b | 1.02 ± 0.03 b |
Moisture and volatile substances (g%) | 90.15 ± 1.07 b | 95.04 ± 0.04 a | 78.12 ± 0.05 c | 78.37 ± 0.05 c | 24.80 ± 0.03 e | 43.32 ± 0.04 d |
Determination of solubility | Methyl alcohol: partially soluble Warm water: soluble Petroleum ether: soluble | Methyl alcohol: partially soluble Warm water: soluble Petroleum ether: soluble | Methyl alcohol: partially soluble Warm water: soluble Petroleum ether: soluble | Methyl alcohol: partially soluble Warm water: soluble Petroleum ether: soluble | Methyl alcohol: soluble Warm water: soluble Petroleum ether: insoluble | Methyl alcohol: soluble Warm water: soluble Petroleum ether: insoluble |
Determination of stability during thermostating | Stable, without phase separation | Stable, without phase separation | Stable, without phase separation | Stable, without phase separation | Stable, without phase separation | Stable, without phase separation |
Determination of the type of emulsion | W/O | W/O | O/W | O/W | O/W | O/W |
Weight (g) | Stretching Capacity Results (cm2) | ||
---|---|---|---|
C_SM | E_SM | H_SM | |
0 | 7.11 ± 0.47 b | 3.16 ± 0.12 c | 12.62 ± 1.05 a |
50 | 9.12 ± 0.94 b | 3.81 ± 0.37 c | 15.23 ± 1.45 a |
100 | 10.17 ± 0.92 b | 5.31 ± 0.32 c | 19.65 ± 1.03 a |
150 | 11.89 ± 1.11 b | 7.08 ± 0.62 c | 19.62 ± 0.93 a |
200 | 13.50 ± 0.82 b | 12.58 ± 1.03 b | 21.25 ± 1.73 a |
250 | 15.23 ± 1.84 b | 13.90 ± 1.35 b | 22.90 ± 1.92 a |
300 | 16.63 ± 1.05 b | 19.67 ± 1.44 b | 24.62 ± 2.04 a |
350 | 18.11 ± 1.12 c | 21.23 ± 1.95 b | 26.40 ± 1.82 a |
400 | 19.62 ± 1.54 b | 24.59 ± 2.04 a | 28.28 ± 1.92 a |
450 | 21.25 ± 2.04 b | 28.28 ± 2.73 a | 28.26 ± 2.13 a |
500 | 22.91 ± 1.82 b | 30.19 ± 2.02 a | 28.27 ± 2.67 a |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Tocai, A.-C.; Memete, A.R.; Ganea, M.; Vicaș, L.G.; Gligor, O.D.; Vicas, S.I. The Formulation of Dermato-Cosmetic Products Using Sanguisorba minor Scop. Extract with Powerful Antioxidant Capacities. Cosmetics 2024, 11, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11010008
Tocai A-C, Memete AR, Ganea M, Vicaș LG, Gligor OD, Vicas SI. The Formulation of Dermato-Cosmetic Products Using Sanguisorba minor Scop. Extract with Powerful Antioxidant Capacities. Cosmetics. 2024; 11(1):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleTocai (Moţoc), Alexandra-Cristina, Adriana Ramona Memete, Mariana Ganea, Laura Graţiela Vicaș, Octavia Dorina Gligor, and Simona Ioana Vicas. 2024. "The Formulation of Dermato-Cosmetic Products Using Sanguisorba minor Scop. Extract with Powerful Antioxidant Capacities" Cosmetics 11, no. 1: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11010008