Pickering Emulsions: A Novel Tool for Cosmetic Formulators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Aspects of Pickering Emulsions
2.1. Preparation of Pickering Emulsions
2.1.1. Rotor-Stator Homogenization
2.1.2. High-Pressure Homogenization
2.1.3. Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification
2.1.4. Membrane Emulsification
2.1.5. Microfluidic Technologies
2.2. Understanding the Stabilization of Emulsions by Colloidal Particles
2.3. Rheology of Pickering Emulsions
2.4. Destabilization Mechanisms of Emulsions
3. Particles in Cosmetic Pickering Emulsions
- Polymer particles of different nature (both natural and synthetic) are currently exploited mainly in skin care products, including anti-aging and moisturizing creams. For instance, chitosan particles, a copolymer of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, are widely used due to their natural abundance, biocompatibility and biodegradability. On the other side, hyaluronic acid is also very common in the cosmetics industry due to its anti-wrinkle properties [56].
- Silver nanoparticles are very common in cosmetic products due to their antimicrobial and antifungal properties. In fact, silver nanoparticles are common in toothpastes, creams, soaps, lotions or deodorants [57].
- Gold nanoparticles are used to help with the delivery of different types of molecules through the skin. Their penetration into the stratum corneum shows a strong dependence on its physico-chemical properties, e.g., shape, size and chemical surface, and compatibility with the lipid domains existing within the skin. Moreover, the use of gold particles in cosmetics is gaining interest due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, contributing to improvements in skin firmness and elasticity. This has pushed their incorporation into anti-aging creams, lotions and deodorants [58].
- Titanium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles are commonly incorporated in cosmetic products for providing UV filter properties due to their capacity for reflecting the UVB and UVA radiations, respectively. In fact, the combination of both oxides provides good protection against sun radiation, allowing to prepare transparent products with good spreadability and texture. Moreover, they reduce the skin irritation associated with most of the chemical UV filters. The mechanisms of these types of particles for providing UV protection are related to their ability to be deposited on the external surface of the stratum corneum [59].
- Silica nanoparticles, commonly in the diameter range of 5–100 nm, have received interest in the cosmetic industry mainly as a result of some of their specific characteristics, e.g., their pleasant sensorial properties and their capacity for delivery of lipophilic and lipophobic compounds. Furthermore, this type of material can be easily obtained in large amounts using low-cost processes and can be chemically modified to obtain specific characteristics. This has stimulated the use of silica nanoparticles in toothpastes, makeup products, hair styling, deodorants and skin care. On the other hand, silica nanoparticles can be used as emulsifiers, emollients and water barriers, having an adjuvant effect in sun protection products because they contribute to the enhancement of their spreadability, reducing the degradation of the products [60].
4. Pickering Emulsions in Cosmetics
5. Trends and Challenges toward the Application of Pickering Emulsions in the Cosmetics Industry
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Particles | Oil Phase | Application | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
O/W | quinoa starch | Miglyol paraffin sheanut oil | skin care | Marku et al. [63] |
O/W | PLGA/PSS | medium chain triglyceride | skin care (tocopheryl acetate delivery) | Wei et al. [65] |
O/W | chitosan/gum arabic | olive oil | skin care (trans-resveratrol delivery) | Sharkawy et al. [66,67] |
O/W | core-mesoporous shell silica particles | oil mixture (mineral oil and castor oil) | skin care (vitamin E delivery) | Arriagada et al. [68] |
O/W | chitosan/collagen | olive oil | skin care | Sharkawy et al. [69] |
O/W | calcium carbonate | caprylic/capric acid triglyceride | skin care | Marto et al. [44] |
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Guzmán, E.; Ortega, F.; Rubio, R.G. Pickering Emulsions: A Novel Tool for Cosmetic Formulators. Cosmetics 2022, 9, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9040068
Guzmán E, Ortega F, Rubio RG. Pickering Emulsions: A Novel Tool for Cosmetic Formulators. Cosmetics. 2022; 9(4):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9040068
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuzmán, Eduardo, Francisco Ortega, and Ramón G. Rubio. 2022. "Pickering Emulsions: A Novel Tool for Cosmetic Formulators" Cosmetics 9, no. 4: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9040068