Pinhole Formation in Printed Electronic Traces Fabricated via Molten Metal Droplet Jetting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Printing Method
2.3. Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Numerical Modeling
- The flow inside the molten droplet was treated as incompressible and laminar.
- The flow and heat transfer of the surrounding gas was ignored to improve computational time.
- The material properties of the metal were temperature-dependent, while the material properties of the polyimide and brass were held constant.
- The heat transfer is dominated by conduction and to a lesser extent, convection modes, ignoring radiation from the droplet surface to the surroundings.
- Convection to the outside gas is approximated with a constant heat transfer coefficient since the solidification is dominated by conduction to the substrate.
- Droplet was assumed to be free of oxidation.
- Plane symmetry is assumed in the y-direction across the middle of the droplet. This is used to reduce computational time.
- Material properties were assumed to be isotropic and homogeneous.
3.2. Experimental Results
4. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Density | ρ | 2381 kg·m−3 |
Viscosity | μ | 1.05 × 10−3 N·s/m2 |
Surface tension coefficient | γ | 0.77 N·m−1 |
Thermal conductivity of alloy | k | 85.6 W·m−1·K−1 |
Specific heat capacity | cp | 1000 J·kg−1·K−1 |
Solidus temperature | Ts | 555 °C |
Liquidus temperature | Tl | 615 °C |
Latent heat of fusion | L | 4.02 × 105 J·kg−1 |
Static contact angle | ° | 100° |
Property | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Droplet diameter | D | 490 μm |
Velocity | Υ | 2.15 m·s−1 |
Droplet temperature | Td | 775 °C |
Substrate temperature | Tsub | 30 °C and 150 °C |
Mushy zone constant | Am | 1.19 × 1011 Kg·m−3·s−1 |
Solid. Drag coefficient | C | 5 × 107 s−1 |
Critical solid fraction | fs* | 0.6 |
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Meda, M.; Sukhotskiy, V.; Cormier, D. Pinhole Formation in Printed Electronic Traces Fabricated via Molten Metal Droplet Jetting. Electronics 2021, 10, 1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131568
Meda M, Sukhotskiy V, Cormier D. Pinhole Formation in Printed Electronic Traces Fabricated via Molten Metal Droplet Jetting. Electronics. 2021; 10(13):1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131568
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeda, Manoj, Viktor Sukhotskiy, and Denis Cormier. 2021. "Pinhole Formation in Printed Electronic Traces Fabricated via Molten Metal Droplet Jetting" Electronics 10, no. 13: 1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131568
APA StyleMeda, M., Sukhotskiy, V., & Cormier, D. (2021). Pinhole Formation in Printed Electronic Traces Fabricated via Molten Metal Droplet Jetting. Electronics, 10(13), 1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131568