Optimal Hybrid PV Array Topologies to Maximize the Power Output by Reducing the Effect of Non-Uniform Operating Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PV Module Two-Diode Model
- Equation (1) demonstrates the relation between output current and output voltage of a PV module:
- The diode reverse saturation currents, and are expressed by the Equation (3).
3. Conventional and Proposed Optimal Hybrid PV Array Topologies
3.1. Conventional PV Array Topologies
3.1.1. Series-Parallel (S-P)
3.1.2. Total-Cross-Tied (T-C-T)
3.1.3. Bridge-Link (B-L)
3.1.4. Honey-Comb (H-C)
3.2. Hybrid PV Array Topologies
3.2.1. Series-Parallel-Cross-Tied (S-P-C-T)
3.2.2. Bridge-Link-Cross-Tied (B-L-C-T)
3.2.3. Honey-Comb-Cross-Tied (H-C-C-T)
3.2.4. Series-Parallel-Total-Cross-Tied (S-P-T-C-T)
3.2.5. Bridge-Link-Total-Cross-Tied (B-L-T-C-T)
3.2.6. Honey-Comb-Total-Cross-Tied (H-C-T-C-T)
3.2.7. Bridge-Link-Honey-Comb (B-L-H-C)
4. Modeling of Non-Uniform Operating Conditions
- Uneven-row: As shown in Figure 4a, the first row of array PV topologies is unevenly shaded with different insolation levels. The PV modules (11, 12), (13, 14) and (15, 16) receives an insolation of 300 W/m, 500 W/m and 700 W/m, respectively. The rest of all PV modules receives insolation of 1000 W/m.
- Uneven-column: The first column of PV array topologies is unevenly shaded with different insolation levels, as shown in Figure 4b. The PV modules (11, 21), (31, 41), and (51, 61)receives an insolation of 300 W/m, 500 W/m and 700 W/m, respectively. The rest of all the PV modules receives insolation of 1000 W/m.
- Diagonal: The diagonally placed PV modules are shaded with different insolation levels, as shown in Figure 4c. The PV modules 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, and 66 receives an insolation of 300 W/m, 400 W/m, 500 W/m, 700 W/m, 800 W/m and 900 W/m, respectively. The rest of all the PV modules receives insolation of 1000 W/m.
- Short and Narrow (SAN): As shown in Figure 4d, a fewer number of PV modules in the first three rows of array topologies are shaded with different insolation levels. The PV modules (11, 12, 13), (21,22, 23) and (31, 32, 33) receives an insolation of 300 W/m, 500 W/m and 700 W/m, respectively. The rest of all the PV modules receives insolation of 1000 W/m.
- Short and Wide (SAW): All the PV modules in the first three rows of array topologies are shaded with different insolation levels as shown in Figure 4e. The PV modules (11, 12, 21, 22), (13, 14, 23, 24), (15, 16, 25, 26) and (31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36) receives an insolation of 300 W/m, 500 W/m, 700 W/m and 900 W/m, respectively. The rest of all the PV modules receives an insolation of 1000 W/m.
- Long and Narrow (LAN): The PV modules in the first two columns of array topologies are shaded with different insolation levels, as shown in Figure 4f. The PV modules (11, 12, 21), (22, 31, 32), (41, 42, 51) and (52, 61, 62) receives an insolation of 300 W/m, 500 W/m, 700 W/m and 900 W/m, respectively. The rest of all the PV modules receives insolation of 1000 W/m.
- Long and Wide (LAW): The PV modules in the first five columns of array topologies are shaded with different insolation levels as shown in Figure 4g. The PV modules (11, 12, 21, 22, 31, 32), (13, 14, 23, 24, 33, 34), (15, 25, 35), (41, 42, 51, 52, 61, 62), (43, 44, 54, 55, 64, 65) and (45, 55, 65) receives an insolation of 300 W/m, 500 W/m, 600 W/m, 700 W/m, 800 W/m and 900 W/m, respectively. The rest of all the PV modules receives an insolation of 1000 W/m.
- Random: As shown in Figure 4h, a fewer number of PV modules in all the six rows of array topologies are shaded with different insolation levels. The PV modules (26, 31, 44, 52, 65), (15, 21, 36, 53, 64), (14, 23, 35, 41, 63) and (12, 33, 45, 54, 56) receives an insolation level of 300 W/m, 500 W/m, 700 W/m and 900 W/m, respectively. The rest of all the PV modules receives an insolation of 1000 W/m.
- Center: As shown in Figure 4i, the PV modules in array topologies placed at the center of fewer rows are shaded with different insolation levels. The PV modules numbered (23, 24), (33, 34), (43, 44) and (53, 54) receives an insolation of 300 W/m, 500 W/m, 700 W/m and 900 W/m, respectively. The rest of all the PV modules receives insolation of 1000 W/m.
5. Results and Disucussion
5.1. Under Uniform Shading Pattern
5.2. Under Uneven-Row Shading Pattern
5.3. Under Uneven-Column Shading Pattern
5.4. Under Diagonal Shading Pattern
5.5. Under SAN Shading Pattern
5.6. Under SAW Shading Pattern
5.7. Under LAN Shading Pattern
5.8. Under LAW Shading Pattern
5.9. Under Random Shading Pattern
5.10. Under Center Shading Pattern
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature and Abbreviations
Nomenclature
PV | Photovoltaic |
S-S | Simple-Series |
P | Parallel |
S-P | Series-Parallel |
T-C-T | Total-Cross-Tied |
B-L | Bridge-Linked |
H-C | Honey-Comb |
S-P-C-T | Series-Parallel-Cross-Tied |
B-L-C-T | Bridge-Linked-Cross-Tied |
H-C-C-T | Honey-Comb-Cross-Tied |
S-P-T-C-T | Series-Parallel-Total-Cross-Tied |
B-L-T-C-T | Bridge-Linked-Total-Cross-Tied |
H-C-T-C-T | Honey-Comb-Total-Cross-Tied |
B-L-H-C | Bridge-Link-Honey-Comb |
NUOC | Non-unioform Operating Condition |
PID | Potential-Induced-Degradation |
LMPP | Local-Maximum-Power-Point |
GMPP | Global-Maximum-Power-Point |
FF | Fill Factor |
Abbreviations
[A] | PV module output current |
[A] | Photo-generated current |
[A] | Photo-generated current at STC |
[A] | PV module short-circuit current at STC |
& [A] | Diode reverse saturation currents |
[A] | PV array output current |
[V] | PV module output voltage |
& [V] | Thermal voltages of the diodes |
[V] | PV module open-circuit voltage at STC |
[V] | PV array output voltage |
PV module series resistance | |
PV module shunt resistance | |
& [V] | Diffusion and recombination current components of the diodes |
G [A] | Solar insolation at the particular level |
[V] | Solar insolation at the STC |
Temperature co-efficient of short-circuit current | |
Temperature co-efficient of open-circuit voltage¶ |
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S.No. | Topology | Array Voltage | Array Current |
---|---|---|---|
1 | S-S | ||
2 | S-P | ||
3 | T-C-T | ||
4 | B-L | ||
5 | H-C | ||
6 | S-P-C-T | ||
7 | B-L-C-T | ||
8 | H-C-C-T | ||
9 | S-P-T-C-T | ||
10 | B-L-T-C-T | ||
11 | H-C-T-C-T | ||
12 | B-L-H-C |
Configuration | Voc (V) | Isc (A) | GMPP Parameters | LMPP’s | No. of Peaks | Fill Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vmp (V) | Imp (A) | Pmp (W) | ||||||
S-P | 196.60 | 49.26 | 129.98 | 45.63 | 5930.80 | 4117.00 W | 01 | 0.61 |
B-L | 196.10 | 49.26 | 129.98 | 45.63 | 5930.80 | 4190.95 W | 01 | 0.61 |
H-C | 196.10 | 49.26 | 129.98 | 45.63 | 5930.80 | 4183.20 W | 01 | 0.61 |
S-P-C-T | 196.10 | 49.26 | 129.98 | 45.63 | 5930.80 | 4190.95 W | 01 | 0.61 |
B-L-C-T | 196.10 | 49.26 | 129.98 | 45.63 | 5930.80 | 4198.35 W | 01 | 0.61 |
H-C-C-T | 196.10 | 49.26 | 129.98 | 45.63 | 5930.80 | 4190.95 W | 01 | 0.61 |
S-P-T-C-T | 196.10 | 49.26 | 129.98 | 45.63 | 5930.80 | 4190.95 W | 01 | 0.61 |
B-L-T-C-T | 196.10 | 49.26 | 129.98 | 45.63 | 5930.80 | 4198.35 W | 01 | 0.61 |
H-C-T-C-T | 196.30 | 49.26 | 157.04 | 41.01 | 6492.75 | 1971.88 W; 4438.85 W | 02 | 0.67 |
B-L-H-C | 196.10 | 49.26 | 129.98 | 45.63 | 5930.80 | 4162.04 W | 01 | 0.61 |
Configuration | Voc (V) | Isc (A) | GMPP Parameters | LMPP’s | No. of Peaks | Fill Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vmp (V) | Imp (A) | Pmp (W) | ||||||
S-P | 196.60 | 46.89 | 157.56 | 40.34 | 6355.80 | 2363.15 W; 5041.65 W | 02 | 0.65 |
B-L | 196.30 | 46.89 | 158.49 | 40.63 | 6439.10 | 2333.20 W; 2575.10 W | 02 | 0.66 |
H-C | 196.20 | 46.89 | 158.68 | 40.75 | 6465.80 | 2338.25 W; 4568.73 W | 02 | 0.67 |
S-P-C-T | 196.30 | 46.89 | 158.17 | 40.85 | 6460.90 | 2314.45 W; 4409.00 W | 02 | 0.66 |
B-L-C-T | 196.30 | 46.89 | 158.78 | 40.84 | 6483.95 | 2128.63 W; 4402.54 W | 02 | 0.67 |
H-C-C-T | 196.30 | 46.88 | 158.22 | 41.01 | 6489.20 | 2695.50 W | 01 | 0.67 |
S-P-T-C-T | 196.30 | 46.89 | 158.36 | 41.00 | 6493.85 | 4499.29 W | 01 | 0.67 |
B-L-T-C-T | 196.30 | 46.89 | 158.23 | 41.03 | 6492.85 | 1982.89 W; 4473.09 W | 02 | 0.67 |
H-C-T-C-T | 196.30 | 46.88 | 158.32 | 41.01 | 6492.75 | 1971.88 W; 4438.85 W | 02 | 0.67 |
B-L-H-C | 196.50 | 46.89 | 158.68 | 40.75 | 6465.70 | 2510.30 W; 4547.00 W | 02 | 0.66 |
Configuration | Voc (V) | Isc (A) | GMPP Parameters | LMPP’s | No. of Peaks | Fill Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vmp (V) | Imp (A) | Pmp (W) | ||||||
S-P | 196.40 | 49.26 | 129.98 | 45.63 | 5980.30 | 4748.12 W | 01 | 0.61 |
B-L | 196.50 | 48.52 | 159.50 | 41.24 | 6578.50 | 947.96 W; 2625.30 W 3434.10 W; 4471.80 W | 04 | 0.68 |
H-C | 196.40 | 49.26 | 164.54 | 37.39 | 6152.82 | 3567.84 W; 4510.41 W; 5560.90 W | 03 | 0.63 |
S-P-C-T | 196.50 | 49.26 | 135.85 | 41.94 | 5697.25 | 4918.00 W; 5412.00 W | 02 | 0.59 |
B-L-C-T | 196.40 | 49.20 | 159.20 | 41.07 | 6538.30 | 2534.40 W | 01 | 0.67 |
H-C-C-T | 196.40 | 49.26 | 158.99 | 41.21 | 6551.40 | 2279.00 W | 01 | 0.68 |
S-P-T-C-T | 196.50 | 49.26 | 133.12 | 44.35 | 5904.15 | 5418.05 W | 01 | 0.61 |
B-L-T-C-T | 196.40 | 48.45 | 159.43 | 41.35 | 6593.25 | 3255.46 W; 4461.34 W; 5633.76 W | 03 | 0.68 |
H-C-T-C-T | 196.40 | 48.51 | 159.19 | 41.49 | 6605.05 | 3305.15 W; 4420.89 W; 5549.84 W | 03 | 0.68 |
B-L-H-C | 196.20 | 49.26 | 133.63 | 44.06 | 5887.45 | 4951.88 W; 5035.17 W | 02 | 0.60 |
Configuration | Voc (V) | Isc (A) | GMPP Parameters | LMPP’s | No. of Peaks | Fill Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vmp (V) | Imp (A) | Pmp (W) | ||||||
S-P | 196.60 | 49.25 | 145.56 | 35.53 | 5173.00 | 3624.96 W; 4545.82 W; 4751.67 W | 03 | 0.53 |
B-L | 196.40 | 49.26 | 165.03 | 30.57 | 5046.60 | 3517.50 W; 4429.20 W; 4947.60 W | 03 | 0.52 |
H-C | 196.30 | 49.26 | 145.12 | 34.37 | 4988.30 | 1640.17 W; 3580.17 W; 4494.66 W; 4965.07W | 04 | 0.51 |
S-P-C-T | 196.60 | 49.26 | 165.59 | 30.57 | 5063.25 | 3456.35 W; 4389.85 W; 5060.10 W | 03 | 0.52 |
B-L-C-T | 196.50 | 49.25 | 166.86 | 30.75 | 5132.75 | 3455.55 W; 4386.75 W; 4923.70 W | 03 | 0.53 |
H-C-C-T | 196.60 | 49.26 | 166.36 | 30.65 | 5099.50 | 3456.20 W; 4354.70 W; 5036.00 W | 03 | 0.53 |
S-P-T-C-T | 196.60 | 49.26 | 165.59 | 30.57 | 5063.25 | 3456.25 W; 4389.85 W; 5060.05 W | 03 | 0.52 |
B-L-T-C-T | 196.50 | 49.26 | 166.87 | 30.75 | 5132.65 | 3456.15 W; 4387.05 W; 4923.65 W | 03 | 0.53 |
H-C-T-C-T | 196.60 | 49.26 | 166.42 | 30.64 | 5099.45W | 3456.15 W; 4354.65 W; 5035.95 W | 03 | 0.52 |
B-L-H-C | 196.50 | 49.26 | 140.59 | 35.37 | 4973.50 | 1316.50 W; 3598.60 W; 4401.40 W; 4952.20 W; | 03 | 0.51 |
Configuration | Voc (V) | Isc (A) | GMPP Parameters | LMPP’s | No. of Peaks | Fill Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vmp (V) | Imp (A) | Pmp (W) | ||||||
S-P | 195.10 | 49.25 | 166.34 | 23.51 | 3911.46 | 3455.96 W | 01 | 0.40 |
B-L | 195.50 | 49.26 | 105.33 | 42.53 | 4480.20 | 3456.10 W; 4040.20 W | 02 | 0.46 |
H-C | 195.50 | 49.26 | 105.15 | 42.60 | 4480.16 | 3456.10 W; 4046.28 W | 02 | 0.46 |
S-P-C-T | 195.50 | 49.26 | 105.24 | 42.56 | 4480.25 | 3456.25 W; 4055.55 W | 02 | 0.46 |
B-L-C-T | 195.50 | 49.25 | 105.24 | 42.57 | 4480.25 | 3456.25 W; 4058.65 W | 02 | 0.46 |
H-C-C-T | 195.50 | 49.25 | 105.15 | 42.60 | 4480.20 | 3456.20 W; 4056.60 W | 02 | 0.46 |
S-P-T-C-T | 195.50 | 49.26 | 105.24 | 42.56 | 4480.25 | 3456.25 W; 4060.15 W | 02 | 0.46 |
B-L-T-C-T | 195.50 | 49.26 | 105.19 | 42.58 | 4480.15 | 3456.15 W; 4058.55 W | 02 | 0.46 |
H-C-T-C-T | 195.50 | 49.26 | 105.20 | 42.58 | 4480.15 | 3456.15 W; 4056.55 W | 02 | 0.46 |
B-L-H-C | 195.50 | 49.26 | 105.15 | 42.60 | 4480.20 | 3456.20 W; 4034.80 W | 02 | 0.46 |
Configuration | Voc (V) | Isc (A) | GMPP Parameters | LMPP’s | No. of Peaks | Fill Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vmp (V) | Imp (A) | Pmp (W) | ||||||
S-P | 196.60 | 47.71 | 158.28 | 35.06 | 5549.50 | 1060.69 W; 2280.64 W; 3513.34 W; 4598.32 W | 04 | 0.57 |
B-L | 196.20 | 47.54 | 160.92 | 35.54 | 5719.90 | 1027.00 W; 2161.00 W; 3414.10 W; 4522.20 W; 5160.00 W | 05 | 0.59 |
H-C | 196.30 | 47.70 | 145.95 | 37.66 | 5496.25 | 2279.00 W; 3322.72 W; 4433.00 W | 03 | 0.57 |
S-P-C-T | 196.30 | 47.72 | 161.60 | 35.89 | 5801.10 | 4314.55 W; 5308.75 W | 02 | 0.60 |
B-L-C-T | 196.20 | 47.70 | 162.00 | 35.96 | 5826.00 | 983.65 W; 2149.05 W; 3113.07 W; 4322.00 W; 5226.00 W | 05 | 0.60 |
H-C-C-T | 196.30 | 47.70 | 162.25 | 36.11 | 5860.10 | 3185.80 W; 4325.50 W; 5130.90 W | 03 | 0.60 |
S-P-T-C-T | 196.30 | 47.71 | 161.61 | 35.93 | 5807.65 | 3211.35 W; 4337.85 W; 5319.85 W | 03 | 0.60 |
B-L-T-C-T | 196.20 | 47.70 | 162.09 | 35.96 | 5830.55 | 844.15 W; 2018.25 W; 3211.25 W; 4337.45 W; 5234.05 W | 05 | 0.60 |
H-C-T-C-T | 196.30 | 47.69 | 162.47 | 36.08 | 5863.35 | 854.86 W; 2031.24 W; 3161.04 W; 4318.02 W; 5118.99 W | 05 | 0.60 |
B-L-H-C | 196.50 | 47.70 | 160.43 | 35.16 | 5641.2 | 3443.79 W; 4432.74 W; 5450.95 W | 03 | 0.58 |
Configuration | Voc (V) | Isc (A) | GMPP Parameters | LMPP’s | No. of Peaks | Fill Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vmp (V) | Imp (A) | Pmp (W) | ||||||
S-P | 196.60 | 40.31 | 163.67 | 24.63 | 4032.50 | 2892.59 W | 01 | 0.57 |
B-L | 194.90 | 40.30 | 164.07 | 25.03 | 4107.10 | 2454.10 W; 2843.10 W | 02 | 0.42 |
H-C | 194.90 | 40.31 | 163.98 | 24.91 | 4085.50 | 2863.30 W | 01 | 0.42 |
S-P-C-T | 195.80 | 40.30 | 165.34 | 25.04 | 4140.45 | 2841.95 W | 01 | 0.43 |
B-L-C-T | 194.90 | 40.30 | 165.20 | 25.06 | 4140.65 | 2843.05 W | 01 | 0.43 |
H-C-C-T | 195.10 | 40.30 | 165.01 | 25.09 | 4140.70 | 2843.10 W | 01 | 0.43 |
S-P-T-C-T | 195.80 | 40.31 | 165.20 | 25.06 | 4140.65 | 2843.15 W | 01 | 0.43 |
B-L-T-C-T | 194.90 | 40.31 | 165.07 | 25.08 | 4140.65 | 2843.05 W | 01 | 0.43 |
H-C-T-C-T | 195.10 | 40.30 | 165.07 | 25.08 | 4140.65 | 2842.55 W | 01 | 0.43 |
B-L-H-C | 195.10 | 40.31 | 167.29 | 22.86 | 3823.80 | 2876.80 W; 3433.10 W | 02 | 0.39 |
Configuration | Voc (V) | Isc (A) | GMPP Parameters | LMPP’s | No. of Peaks | Fill Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vmp (V) | Imp (A) | Pmp (W) | ||||||
S-P | 194.80 | 49.25 | 110.06 | 36.26 | 3991.80 | 2255.29 W; 2814.79 W; 3410.22 W; 3910.54W | 04 | 0.41 |
B-L | 194.60 | 48.52 | 134.24 | 33.90 | 4551.47 | 927.48 W; 2139.20 W; 2968.46 W; 3802.01W; 3869.46W | 05 | 0.47 |
H-C | 194.70 | 49.26 | 165.69 | 27.81 | 4609.88 | 982.61 W; 3095.67 W; 3656.66 W; 3841.5W; 4145.06W | 05 | 0.47 |
S-P-C-T | 195.40 | 46.95 | 168.39 | 23.86 | 4018.95 | 2310.15 W; 3132.65 W; 3827.75 W; 3841.45W | 04 | 0.41 |
B-L-C-T | 194.70 | 46.04 | 166.88 | 27.74 | 4629.95 | 892.35 W; 2014.65 W; 3963.05 W; 4384.95W | 04 | 0.48 |
H-C-C-T | 194.60 | 46.04 | 167.74 | 26.19 | 4394.60 | 3811.90 W; 4046.80 W; 4157.90 W | 03 | 0.45 |
S-P-T-C-T | 195.30 | 46.95 | 133.11 | 34.84 | 4638.35 | 1021.95 W; 1981.45 W; 4553.65 W | 03 | 0.48 |
B-L-T-C-T | 194.80 | 41.95 | 163.93 | 31.83 | 5218.25 | 825.53 W; 2796.64 W; 4692.15 W | 03 | 0.54 |
H-C-T-C-T | 194.70 | 44.42 | 167.28 | 29.52 | 4938.55 | 817.76 W; 2825.46 W; 4696.85 W | 03 | 0.51 |
B-L-H-C | 194.70 | 49.26 | 140.90 | 28.57 | 4026.60 | 2237.20 W; 3196.70 W; 3816.00 W; 3766.90 W | 04 | 0.41 |
Configuration | Voc (V) | Isc (A) | GMPP Parameters | LMPP’s | No. of Peaks | Fill Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vmp (V) | Imp (A) | Pmp (W) | ||||||
S-P | 196.60 | 49.25 | 146.46 | 39.30 | 5757.66 | 2302.07 W; 3692.13 W; 4844.40 W; 5516.81 W | 04 | 0.59 |
B-L | 196.10 | 49.25 | 162.28 | 36.01 | 5844.30 | 2294.88 W; 3533.20 W; 4695.60 W; 5369.00 W | 04 | 0.60 |
H-C | 196.00 | 49.25 | 163.52 | 35.99 | 5884.70 | 3687.00 W; 4500.40 W; 5283.20 W | 03 | 0.60 |
S-P-C-T | 196.40 | 49.26 | 161.93 | 35.92 | 5817.55 | 3687.25 W; 4453.95 W; 5515.15W | 03 | 0.60 |
B-L-C-T | 196.10 | 49.26 | 162.73 | 36.05 | 5867.25 | 3630.15 W; 4490.65 W; 5454.35 W | 03 | 0.60 |
H-C-C-T | 196.40 | 49.26 | 163.54 | 36.09 | 5902.60 | 4447.40 W; 5464.70 W | 02 | 0.61 |
S-P-T-C-T | 196.40 | 49.26 | 162.10 | 35.95 | 5827.75 | 3506.55 W; 4557.75 W; 5551.55 W | 03 | 0.60 |
B-L-T-C-T | 196.20 | 49.26 | 162.82 | 36.06 | 5872.75 | 2157.41 W; 3505.05 W; 4556.35 W | 03 | 0.60 |
H-C-T-C-T | 196.40 | 49.26 | 163.76 | 36.06 | 5906.25 | 2082.73 W; 3386.77 W; 4459.07 W; 5462.82 W | 04 | 0.61 |
B-L-H-C | 196.40 | 49.26 | 161.95 | 35.45 | 5741.70 | 3535.10 W; 4621.80 W; 5601.40 W | 03 | 0.59 |
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Raju Pendem, S.; Mikkili, S.; Rangarajan, S.S.; Avv, S.; Collins, R.E.; Senjyu, T. Optimal Hybrid PV Array Topologies to Maximize the Power Output by Reducing the Effect of Non-Uniform Operating Conditions. Electronics 2021, 10, 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233014
Raju Pendem S, Mikkili S, Rangarajan SS, Avv S, Collins RE, Senjyu T. Optimal Hybrid PV Array Topologies to Maximize the Power Output by Reducing the Effect of Non-Uniform Operating Conditions. Electronics. 2021; 10(23):3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233014
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaju Pendem, Suneel, Suresh Mikkili, Shriram S. Rangarajan, Sudhakar Avv, Randolph E. Collins, and Tomonobu Senjyu. 2021. "Optimal Hybrid PV Array Topologies to Maximize the Power Output by Reducing the Effect of Non-Uniform Operating Conditions" Electronics 10, no. 23: 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233014