Proposals for Updated EMC Standards and Requirements (9–500 kHz) for DC Microgrids and New Compliance Verification Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review of Existing Standards
2.1. Standards Review Related to Arc Fault Detection
- UL Standard 1699B:2018 [9]. This standard refers to construction requirements of arc generator, which creates an arc fault for analysis and test. It also contains the information necessary to test an arc interrupter and determine whether it meets the minimum acceptable safety requirements. The standard covers PV, inverter, converter, and other devices up to 1500 volts.
- IEC 62606:2013/A1:2017 [22]. This standard applies to arc fault detection devices for household and similar uses in AC circuits. The rated voltages are below 440 V AC at 50/60 Hz. The rated currents are smaller than 63 A.
- IEC 63027 [23]. The standard covers test procedures for the detection of serial arcs within PV circuits, and the response times of equipment employed to interrupt the arcs. It defines reference scenarios under which the testing shall be conducted. This standard also covers equipment connected to systems not exceeding a maximum PV source circuit voltage of 1500 V DC. The detection of parallel circuit arcs is not covered. This standard is not applicable to DC sources or applications other than PV DC sources.
2.2. Standards Review Related to Power Line Communication
- 3 kHz to 9 kHz, reserved for use by energy providers and customers’ premises;
- CENELEC A band (9–95 kHz), reserved for use by energy providers;
- CENELEC B band (95–125 kHz), reserved for use by energy providers’ customers;
- CENELEC C band (125–140 kHz), reserved for use by energy providers’ customers and regulated as to channel access techniques;
- CENELEC D band (140–148.5 kHz), reserved for use by energy providers’ customers.
2.3. Other Relevant EMC Standards
2.3.1. Standards for Electromagnetic Emission
2.3.2. Standards for Conducted Immunity Requirements in the Range of 9 to 500 kHz
- Class A: normal performance within limits specified by the manufacturer;
- Class B: temporary loss of function or degradation of performance, self-recovery after the test, without operator intervention;
- Class C: temporary loss of function or degradation of performance. Operator intervention is needed for recovery after the test;
- Class D: loss of function or degradation of performance which is not recoverable. Damage of hardware or software, or loss of data.
2.4. Examples of Electromagnetic Emission in DC Grids
2.5. Need for DC Standards
- Enable more reliable PLC and avoid interference with power electronics and facilitate grid protection, stability and failure diagnostics.
- Enable reliable arc failure detection and reduce interference with switching power electronic converters and power line communication.
- Enable reliable PLC in a bipolar DC back-bone, wherein some nodes only have access to the positive or negative pole.
- Currently in certain AC appliances, such as PV converters, there are no conducted noise emission limits below 150 kHz while this creates interference with some power line modem systems and arc fault detection devices.
- Currently EMI filters have no access impedance and/or insertion loss limits while they can attenuate power line modem signals and likely also interfere with arc detection systems.
- Some AC-focused EMI emission standards were relatively restrictive in the bandwidth between 150–400 kHz because of potential radio-interference with long wave radio stations. However, for DC grids this might be less of an issue when bundled and/or underground cables are used. Also, long wave radio applications in between 150 and 400 kHz are becoming obsolete. This allows more bandwidth for PLC to be used, similar to the US FCC limits, and/or to lower requirements for equipment to be used.
3. Grid Code Proposals
3.1. Proposals for Conducted Emission Limits
- Low power and often used devices such as lighting should have strong limits;
- Small to medium power and rarely used devices should have more relaxed limits;
- Large power and rarely used devices should have higher limits;
- Hereby specific frequency bands are reserved for arc detection, PLC and devices that must have stronger requirements in these frequency bands, wherein:
- ○
- The band from 40 kHz to 100 kHz should be reserved for arc detection. This still allows that switched power supplies operate below 40 kHz or above 100 kHz without EMI for arc hazard detection (c.f. Table 5).
- ○
- It should be noted that since the arc fault is accidental and uncontrollable, there is obviously no noise emission limit for the arc itself. In principle, the higher the noise the more detectable it will be, therefore also minimum impedance limits are also proposed for the connected grid devices later in this paper.
- ○
- Considering the third harmonics of switched converters when they operate below 40 kHz, it is proposed that PLC operates above 120 kHz. This will avoid EMI with the 3rd harmonic of switched converters which will be below 3 × 40 kHz.
- ○
- The band from 120 to 300 kHz could be reserved for PLC, which therefore can cover different modulation technologies such as S–FSK or OFDM.
- ○
- Switched converters can also operate in between 100 and 120 kHz or above 300 kHz.
3.2. Proposals for Immunity Requirements
- From 9 to 150 kHz, we propose class 3 or 140 dB µV in order to be immune against arc noise.
- From 150 kHz to 300 kHz, we propose as a minimum class 2 (130 dB µV) in order to be immune against PLC signals.
3.3. Minimum Impedance Requirement for Loads or Sources to Facilitate Narrowband Power Line Communication and Arc Detection
4. EMC Compliance Test Platform and Method
4.1. Customized Line Impedance Stabilization Network
4.2. Minimum Impedance Compliance Test Method
- Measure Vac_load at J2 first for defining the reference voltage line, with a 2 Ohms resistor to obtain the ‘2 Ohms ref’ line in Figure 8;
- Measure Vac_load at J2 with an EUT and compare the measured voltage with the previous reference voltage line to judge if the EUT impedance is larger than the minimum impedance.
- Figure 8 shows a measurement example of a resistive load of 33 Ohms. The results show that the voltage is higher than the reference line and thus the load is compliant with the minimum impedance requirement of 2 Ohms. The aim of developing this test method is to provide one engineering method that estimates the impedance but at the same time avoids the calculation. After all, it is not easy to calculate a device impedance in a multi-source and multi-branch DC microgrid.
5. Arc Detection Based on Grid Codes Proposal
5.1. Arc Detection Circuit
5.2. Current-Measurement-Based Arc Detection vs. Voltage-Measurement-Based Arc Detection
5.3. Test Results
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | 3–9 kHz | 9–95 kHz | 95–148.5 kHz |
---|---|---|---|
122 | 134 dBµV | 134–120 dBµV | 122 dBµV |
134 | 134 dBµV | 134–120 dBµV | 134 dBµV |
Standard | Title |
---|---|
CISPR 16-1-1 or EN IEC 55016-1-1 [29] | Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods—Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus—Measuring apparatus |
CISPR 25 or EN 55025 [30] | Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines—Radio disturbance characteristics—Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of on-board receivers |
EN 61000-6-3 [31] | Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 6-3: Generic standards—Emission standard for equipment in residential environments |
EN 61000-6-4 [32] | Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 6-4: Generic standardsEmission standard for industrial environments |
EN 55011 [33] | Industrial, scientific and medical equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement |
EN 55014-1 [34] | Electromagnetic compatibility—Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus—Part 1: Emission |
EN 55015 [35] | Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of electrical lighting and similar equipment |
EN 55016-2-1 [36] | Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity—Conducted disturbance measurements |
EN 55016-2-3 [37] | Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity—Radiated disturbance measurements |
EN 55022 [38] | Information technology equipment—Radio disturbance characteristics—Limits and methods of measurement |
EN 55032 [39] | Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment—Emission requirements |
EN-IEC 61851-21-2:2021 [40] | Electric vehicle conductive charging system—Part 21-2: Electric vehicle requirements for conductive connection to an AC/DC supply—EMC requirements for off board electric vehicle charging systems |
Standard | Title |
---|---|
EN 61000-6-1 [45] | Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 6-1: Generic standards Immunity for residential, commercial and light industrial environments |
EN 61000-6-2 [46] | Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 6-2: Generic standards Immunity for industrial environments |
EN 61000-4-6 [32] | Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-6: Testing and measurement techniques—Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields |
EN 55014-2 [47] | Electromagnetic compatibility—Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus—Part 2: Immunity |
EN 55024 [48] | Information technology equipment—Immunity characteristics—Limits and methods of measurement |
EN-IEC 61851-21-2:2021 [40] | Electric vehicle conductive charging system—Part 21-2: Electric vehicle requirements for conductive connection to an AC/DC supply—EMC requirements for off board electric vehicle charging systems |
Case | Power Supply | Converter | Load |
---|---|---|---|
a | Delta SM500-CP-90 | No | Floor lamp |
b | Delta SM500-CP-90 | Victron Orion 48/24-5 | Refrigerator |
c | Delta SM500-CP-90 | LM2596HVS 48/5 | Raspberry PI 4 |
Device | Frequency Bands |
---|---|
Arc detection | 40–100 kHz (current or voltage sensing to monitor the emission spectrum of connected noise sources and for lamps also no risk to create interference with IR remote controllers) |
Power line communication | 120 kHz–300 kHz |
Recommended switching frequencies for converters | >300 kHz most recommended (because no interference is expected in PLC and arc detection) 100–120 kHz (because the third harmonic is above 300 kHz and therefore no interference is expected in PLC and arc detection) 33–40 kHz for converters but not for converters that supply lamps (because this will avoid interference from third harmonics to Arc detection/PLC + not applicable to lamp drivers. This will cause interference with IR remote controllers) 13 kHz for converters if none of the previous options can be applied and thus still allow a third harmonic emission below the frequency band of 40 kHz. |
Case | Voltage (V) | Load Impedance (Ohm) | Source Power (W) |
---|---|---|---|
a | 48.00 | 6.00 | 384.00 |
b | 39.20 | 4.00 | 384.16 |
c | 33.94 | 3.00 | 383.97 |
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Wang, D.; Weyen, D.; Van Tichelen, P. Proposals for Updated EMC Standards and Requirements (9–500 kHz) for DC Microgrids and New Compliance Verification Methods. Electronics 2023, 12, 3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143122
Wang D, Weyen D, Van Tichelen P. Proposals for Updated EMC Standards and Requirements (9–500 kHz) for DC Microgrids and New Compliance Verification Methods. Electronics. 2023; 12(14):3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143122
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Da, Dominique Weyen, and Paul Van Tichelen. 2023. "Proposals for Updated EMC Standards and Requirements (9–500 kHz) for DC Microgrids and New Compliance Verification Methods" Electronics 12, no. 14: 3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143122
APA StyleWang, D., Weyen, D., & Van Tichelen, P. (2023). Proposals for Updated EMC Standards and Requirements (9–500 kHz) for DC Microgrids and New Compliance Verification Methods. Electronics, 12(14), 3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143122