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Article

Signal Processing to Characterize and Evaluate Nonlinear Acoustic Signals Applied to Underwater Communications

by
María Campo-Valera
1,*,
Dídac Diego-Tortosa
2,
Ignacio Rodríguez-Rodríguez
1,
Jorge Useche-Ramírez
3 and
Rafael Asorey-Cacheda
4
1
Department of Communication Engineering, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
2
Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, 95123 Catania, Italy
3
Engineering Faculty–Sound Engineering, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá 110111, Colombia
4
Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Antigones Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2024, 13(21), 4192; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214192
Submission received: 18 September 2024 / Revised: 21 October 2024 / Accepted: 24 October 2024 / Published: 25 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Signal Processing and Applications)

Abstract

Nonlinear acoustic signals, specifically the parametric effect, offer significant advantages over linear signals because the low frequencies generated in the medium due to the intermodulation of the emitted frequencies are highly directional and can propagate over long distances. Due to these characteristics, a detailed analysis of these signals is necessary to accurately estimate the Time of Arrival (ToA) and amplitude parameters. This is crucial for various communication applications, such as sonar and underwater location systems. The research addresses a notable gap in the literature regarding comparative methods for analyzing nonlinear acoustic signals, particularly focusing on ToA estimation and amplitude parameterization. Two types of nonlinear modulations are examined: parametric Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) and parametric sine-sweep modulation, which correspond to narrowband and broadband signals, respectively. The first study evaluates three ToA estimation methods—threshold, power variation (Pvar), and cross-correlation methods for the modulations in question. Following ToA estimation, the amplitude of the received signals is analyzed using acoustic signal processing techniques such as time-domain, frequency-domain, and cross-correlation methods. The practical application is validated through controlled laboratory experiments, which confirm the robustness and effectiveness of the existing methods proposed under study for nonlinear (parametric) acoustic signals.
Keywords: acoustic signal processing; time of arrival (ToA) estimation; ultrasound; underwater acoustic communication; modulation; nonlinear acoustic; sensor; parametric effect acoustic signal processing; time of arrival (ToA) estimation; ultrasound; underwater acoustic communication; modulation; nonlinear acoustic; sensor; parametric effect

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Campo-Valera, M.; Diego-Tortosa, D.; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, I.; Useche-Ramírez, J.; Asorey-Cacheda, R. Signal Processing to Characterize and Evaluate Nonlinear Acoustic Signals Applied to Underwater Communications. Electronics 2024, 13, 4192. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214192

AMA Style

Campo-Valera M, Diego-Tortosa D, Rodríguez-Rodríguez I, Useche-Ramírez J, Asorey-Cacheda R. Signal Processing to Characterize and Evaluate Nonlinear Acoustic Signals Applied to Underwater Communications. Electronics. 2024; 13(21):4192. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214192

Chicago/Turabian Style

Campo-Valera, María, Dídac Diego-Tortosa, Ignacio Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Jorge Useche-Ramírez, and Rafael Asorey-Cacheda. 2024. "Signal Processing to Characterize and Evaluate Nonlinear Acoustic Signals Applied to Underwater Communications" Electronics 13, no. 21: 4192. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214192

APA Style

Campo-Valera, M., Diego-Tortosa, D., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, I., Useche-Ramírez, J., & Asorey-Cacheda, R. (2024). Signal Processing to Characterize and Evaluate Nonlinear Acoustic Signals Applied to Underwater Communications. Electronics, 13(21), 4192. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214192

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