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Volume 13
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10.3390/electronics13071336
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Article

Impact Analysis of High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Coupling Effects on Power Grid Protection Relays

by
Naga Lakshmi Thotakura
1,
Yuru Wu
1,*,
David Mignardot
1,
Liang Zhang
1,*,
Wei Qiu
1,*,
Lawrence C. Markel
2,
Dahan Liao
2,
Benjamin W. McConnell
2 and
Yilu Liu
1,2
1
EECS Department, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
2
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071336
Submission received: 9 February 2024 / Revised: 27 March 2024 / Accepted: 29 March 2024 / Published: 2 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Circuit and Signal Processing)
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Abstract

Protection relays are important equipment used for protection, control, and metering functions in the power grid. These relays are used to protect critical and difficult-to-replace equipment, like generators, transformers, and capacitor banks. Once the protection devices are disturbed or damaged, a high risk of power generation interruption occurs. Therefore, it is important and necessary to study the relay’s immunity to electromagnetic pulse (EMP) events. As a preliminary step toward empirical experimentation on actual equipment, this manuscript outlines an economical and efficient methodology for evaluating the impact of an EMP. An impedance measurement strategy was employed to model the equipment, setting the stage for subsequent immunity analyses. These analyses included the pulse current injection (PCI) method, which utilized an injecting probe to introduce the transient, and frequency domain electromagnetic (FEKO) simulation, which integrated electromagnetic coupling effects into the transient simulation. The impedance measurement and simulation results in this paper provide a reliable basis for gauging equipment performance in the face of HEMP threats. The results obtained using the PCI and FEKO simulations demonstrated the performance of different port responses under a high-altitude EMP, indicating the requirement for some protection to ensure the reliable operation of relays.
Keywords: conducted RF immunity; high-altitude electromagnetic pulse; power system transient; relay protection device conducted RF immunity; high-altitude electromagnetic pulse; power system transient; relay protection device

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MDPI and ACS Style

Thotakura, N.L.; Wu, Y.; Mignardot, D.; Zhang, L.; Qiu, W.; Markel, L.C.; Liao, D.; McConnell, B.W.; Liu, Y. Impact Analysis of High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Coupling Effects on Power Grid Protection Relays. Electronics 2024, 13, 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071336

AMA Style

Thotakura NL, Wu Y, Mignardot D, Zhang L, Qiu W, Markel LC, Liao D, McConnell BW, Liu Y. Impact Analysis of High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Coupling Effects on Power Grid Protection Relays. Electronics. 2024; 13(7):1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071336

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thotakura, Naga Lakshmi, Yuru Wu, David Mignardot, Liang Zhang, Wei Qiu, Lawrence C. Markel, Dahan Liao, Benjamin W. McConnell, and Yilu Liu. 2024. "Impact Analysis of High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Coupling Effects on Power Grid Protection Relays" Electronics 13, no. 7: 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071336

APA Style

Thotakura, N. L., Wu, Y., Mignardot, D., Zhang, L., Qiu, W., Markel, L. C., Liao, D., McConnell, B. W., & Liu, Y. (2024). Impact Analysis of High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Coupling Effects on Power Grid Protection Relays. Electronics, 13(7), 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071336

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