Integrated Multi-Timescale Battery Dispatch and Overload Mitigation: An Agent-Based Optimization Framework for High EV Penetration in Danish Distribution Networks

Cong, Lu; Jørgensen, Bo Nørregaard; Ma, Zheng Grace

doi:10.3390/electronics14081612

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Multi-Timescale Battery Dispatch and Overload Mitigation: An Agent-Based Optimization Framework for High EV Penetration in Danish Distribution Networks

by

Lu Cong

,

Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen

and

Zheng Grace Ma

^*

SDU Center for Energy Informatics, The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, The Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Electronics 2025, 14(8), 1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081612

Submission received: 19 March 2025 / Revised: 11 April 2025 / Accepted: 12 April 2025 / Published: 16 April 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters for Renewable Energy Integration and Energy Storage Systems)

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Abstract

The rapid integration of renewable energy and electric vehicles is challenging modern distribution networks with increased demand volatility and overload risks. To address these issues, we propose an integrated, multi-timescale battery dispatch framework that unifies long-term capacity planning, day-ahead/intra-day scheduling, and sub-minute real-time control. The framework combines HOMER Pro-based capacity sizing, a MISOCP model for economic scheduling, and an agent-based simulation for immediate overload mitigation. In a case study of a Danish distribution network projected to reach full EV penetration by 2034, our approach reduced moderate-to-severe overload incidents by 82.7%. Furthermore, a price-sensitive variant achieved a 27.4% reduction in operational costs, with only a 12.5% increase in minor overload events. These quantitative improvements, alongside qualitative enhancements in grid stability and battery longevity, provide actionable insights for distribution system operators.

Keywords: multi-timescale scheduling; battery energy storage systems; agent-based simulation; overload management; Mixed-Integer Second-Order Cone Programming (MISOCP); distribution networks

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cong, L.; Jørgensen, B.N.; Ma, Z.G. Integrated Multi-Timescale Battery Dispatch and Overload Mitigation: An Agent-Based Optimization Framework for High EV Penetration in Danish Distribution Networks. Electronics 2025, 14, 1612. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081612

AMA Style

Cong L, Jørgensen BN, Ma ZG. Integrated Multi-Timescale Battery Dispatch and Overload Mitigation: An Agent-Based Optimization Framework for High EV Penetration in Danish Distribution Networks. Electronics. 2025; 14(8):1612. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081612

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cong, Lu, Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen, and Zheng Grace Ma. 2025. "Integrated Multi-Timescale Battery Dispatch and Overload Mitigation: An Agent-Based Optimization Framework for High EV Penetration in Danish Distribution Networks" Electronics 14, no. 8: 1612. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081612

APA Style

Cong, L., Jørgensen, B. N., & Ma, Z. G. (2025). Integrated Multi-Timescale Battery Dispatch and Overload Mitigation: An Agent-Based Optimization Framework for High EV Penetration in Danish Distribution Networks. Electronics, 14(8), 1612. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081612

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Integrated Multi-Timescale Battery Dispatch and Overload Mitigation: An Agent-Based Optimization Framework for High EV Penetration in Danish Distribution Networks

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