Efficient Estimator of Rotor Temperature Designing for Electric and Hybrid Powertrain Platform
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Model of Estimator of Rotor Temperature
2.1. Dynamic Model of the Induction Machine
- Four equations of flux and current;
- Four equations of flux and voltage;
- One equation of electromagnetic torque.
- p—number of pole pairs
- Lm—magnetizing inductance
- LIs, LIr—stator and rotor leakage inductances
- Ls, Lr—total inductances of stator and rotor: Ls = Lm + LIs; Lr = Lm + LIr;
- Rs, Rr—resistance of stator and rotor
- ωs—stator electric pulsation
- ωm—rotor mechanical pulsation
- ϕsd, ϕsq—stator flux in the reference dq-axis
- ϕrd, ϕrq—rotor flux in the reference dq-axis
- isd, isq—stator currents in the reference dq-axis
- ird, irq—rotor currents in the reference dq-axis
2.2. Indirect Flux-Oriented Control (IFOC)
- Indirect rotor temperature estimator based on stator winding temperature experimental measurement which is the least accurate;
- Direct measurement of the temperature infrared pyrometer (Figure 1). This solution is accurate but expensive in mass production and needs the space to install it;
- Direct rotor temperature estimator via current flow estimation. This needs sophisticated calculations and tuning.
2.3. Direct Estimator of Rotor Temperature
- —resistance of rotor at 20 °C.
- α—variation coefficient of temperature of the rotor die-casting cage (alu. or copper)
- Phase shift error due to the delay in applying the control voltage to the phases of the machine.
- Amplitude deviation due to idle time and inverter losses (internal voltage drops).
3. Rapid Control Prototyping Platform
- A 230 Vac power supply providing the different voltage levels necessary for sensors and drivers: +5 V, +8 V, +15 V, −15 V;
- A module Infineon HP1 250 Arms, 400 V three-phase IGBT inverter module on a cold-water plate;
- A concepts driver board with HW protection stage (minimum dead time, over-current protection (OCP), over-voltage protection (OVP));
- Three-phase current sensors and their conditioning stage (power supply and filtering), voltage interfaces.
- The simulation assembly coupled with the physical design model (environmental load model), the simulated Model in the Loop (MIL).
- The prototyping assembly coupled to the dSpace platform driver interfaces, the computable HIL (Hardware in the Loop) model.
- Interface observing all types of sensors: speed/position sensor, temperature sensor (thermocouple, an infrared sensor for rotor cage instrumentation);
- Modification of the regulation parameters, energy parameters in real-time, no need to flash the inverter (time-saving);
- Soft highly flexible open/modifiable to improve motor control.
4. Experimental Testing Results
4.1. Test-Bench and E-Motor Prototype
- Ensuring torque responses ± 5% comparing to torque demand in every step, in torque-speed range as shown in Figure 7;
- Including field weakening strategy that consists to reduce automatically the flux when operating at high speed;
- Optimizing the efficiency at every grid point in the whole torque-speed range;
- Taking into account the variation of rotor resistance when motor temperatures increased (Figure 1);
- Realizing the derating mode when the temperature of stator winding or of rotor cage exceeds its limit, by decreasing the power.
4.2. Experimental Results of Estimator of Rotor Temperature
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
p | number of pole pairs |
Lm | magnetizing inductance |
LIs, LIr | stator and rotor leakage inductances |
Ls, Lr | total inductances of stator and rotor |
Rs, Rr | resistance of stator and rotor |
Rr20 | resistance of rotor at 20 °C |
ωs | stator electric pulsation |
ωm | rotor mechanical pulsation |
ωg | slip pulsation |
ϕsd, ϕsq | stator flux in the reference dq-axis |
ϕrd, ϕrq | rotor flux in the reference dq-axis |
isd, isq | stator currents in the reference dq-axis |
ird, irq | rotor currents in the reference dq-axis |
vsd, vsq | stator voltages in the reference dq-axis |
vrd, vrq | rotor voltages in the reference dq-axis |
Tem | electromagnetic torque of the motor |
Ωm | motor speed angular |
|ϕr|est | estimated rotor flux |
τr | rotor time constant |
s | Laplace transform variable |
θ | electric angle of the Park transformation |
Trotor | estimated rotor temperature |
α | variation coefficient of temperature of the rotor die-casting cage (alu. or copper) |
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Tran, T.-V.; Nègre, E. Efficient Estimator of Rotor Temperature Designing for Electric and Hybrid Powertrain Platform. Electronics 2020, 9, 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071096
Tran T-V, Nègre E. Efficient Estimator of Rotor Temperature Designing for Electric and Hybrid Powertrain Platform. Electronics. 2020; 9(7):1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071096
Chicago/Turabian StyleTran, Tuan-Vu, and Edouard Nègre. 2020. "Efficient Estimator of Rotor Temperature Designing for Electric and Hybrid Powertrain Platform" Electronics 9, no. 7: 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071096