The Effect of Entrepreneurship on Start-Up Open Innovation: Innovative Behavior of University Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Theoretical Discussions and Hypothesis Setting
1.2.1. Start-Up Intention and Entrepreneurship
1.2.2. Start-Up Intention and Innovative Behavior
1.2.3. Entrepreneurship and Innovative Behavior
1.3. Research Method and Results
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Data Collection
2.2. Measurement of Variables
2.2.1. Start-Up Intention
2.2.2. Entrepreneurship
2.2.3. Innovative Behavior
3. Results
3.1. Validity and Reliability of Variables
3.2. Correlation of Variables
3.3. Testing of Research Hypotheses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A.
Appendix A.1. Questionnaire
- A.
- Entrepreneurship
- I constantly care about myself and think of creative ideas about new things.
- I’m creative and have an innovative way of thinking.
- I always try to find original and innovative ideas.
- I have no fear of new challenges.
- If I have to do it, I do it at any risk.
- Even in uncertain circumstances, the decision is made rather than hesitation.
- When I detect danger in my work, I actively find a way to overcome it.
- I think that you have to be aggressive at your own risk in order to explore potential opportunities.
- I like new things better than old ones and seek new trends.
- I think of it as progressive and reformative rather than conservative.
- I think it is unnecessary to be bound by tradition or old habits.
- B.
- Innovation Behavior
- I develop ideas to approach in new ways to solve difficult problems related to work (classes, learning activities, etc.).
- I try to find new ways to be used to perform my work (classes, learning activities, etc.).
- I consider creative solutions to work-related problems (classes, learning activities, etc.).
- I try to get support for innovative ideas in my work (classes, learning activities, etc.).
- I try to build empathy for innovative ideas in relation to work (classes, learning activities, etc.).
- I try to make key people in my school a sponsor for innovative ideas in terms of work (classes, learning activities, etc.).
- I refine my innovative ideas with regard to work (classes, learning activities, etc.) so that they can be useful.
- I try to introduce innovative ideas into work (classes, learning activities, etc.) in a systematic way.
- I detail the practical value of innovative ideas in relation to work (classes, learning activities, etc.).
- C.
- Start-Up Intention
- I will challenge myself to be an entrepreneur in the future.
- I am excited when I think of starting a business.
- I have a lot of passion for starting a business.
- I plan to run my business one day.
- I want to be a manager by starting a business rather than being an employee.
- I will start a business even if there are a lot of risks.
- I would like to start a business whenever I have a great item.
- I think start-ups are attractive despite the risk of failure.
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Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start-up Intention 3 | 0.836 | 0.219 | 0.101 | 0.177 | 0.047 |
Start-up Intention 5 | 0.830 | 0.172 | 0.139 | 0.085 | 0.059 |
Start-up Intention 4 | 0.823 | 0.181 | 0.234 | 0.130 | 0.172 |
Start-up Intention 6 | 0.794 | 0.161 | 0.141 | 0.205 | 0.061 |
Start-up Intention 2 | 0.788 | 0.180 | 0.256 | 0.171 | 0.166 |
Start-up Intention 1 | 0.778 | 0.224 | 0.250 | 0.189 | 0.128 |
Start-up Intention 8 | 0.694 | 0.335 | 0.124 | 0.282 | −0.084 |
Start-up Intention 7 | 0.672 | 0.296 | 0.225 | 0.224 | 0.023 |
Innovative Behavior 2 | 0.107 | 0.763 | 0.312 | 0.133 | 0.164 |
Innovative Behavior 8 | 0.262 | 0.735 | 0.101 | 0.140 | 0.132 |
Innovative Behavior 7 | 0.270 | 0.728 | 0.156 | 0.150 | 0.093 |
Innovative Behavior 4 | 0.205 | 0.727 | 0.187 | 0.207 | 0.077 |
Innovative Behavior 3 | 0.107 | 0.726 | 0.361 | 0.006 | 0.099 |
Innovative Behavior 9 | 0.421 | 0.721 | −0.032 | 0.059 | 0.070 |
Innovative Behavior 1 | 0.134 | 0.683 | 0.385 | 0.206 | −0.016 |
Innovative Behavior 5 | 0.267 | 0.624 | 0.106 | 0.402 | 0.122 |
Entrepreneurship 2 | 0.226 | 0.319 | 0.789 | 0.036 | 0.040 |
Entrepreneurship 1 | 0.292 | 0.309 | 0.752 | 0.076 | 0.135 |
Entrepreneurship 3 | 0.317 | 0.382 | 0.666 | 0.209 | 0.042 |
Entrepreneurship 4 | 0.298 | 0.131 | 0.624 | 0.367 | 0.185 |
Entrepreneurship 5 | 0.261 | 0.268 | 0.095 | 0.753 | 0.151 |
Entrepreneurship 6 | 0.310 | 0.198 | 0.202 | 0.744 | 0.109 |
Entrepreneurship 8 | 0.368 | 0.215 | 0.116 | 0.550 | 0.182 |
Entrepreneurship 11 | −0.070 | 0.109 | −0.079 | 0.129 | 0.756 |
Entrepreneurship 9 | 0.143 | 0.029 | 0.192 | 0.221 | 0.711 |
Entrepreneurship 10 | 0.278 | 0.250 | 0.190 | −0.044 | 0.702 |
Eigen Value | 6.057 | 5.096 | 2.919 | 2.279 | 1.872 |
Variation | 23.295 | 19.599 | 11.227 | 8.766 | 7.201 |
Cronbach’s Alpha | 0.946 | 0.918 | 0.865 | 0.779 | 0.639 |
M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Start-up Intention | 3.53 | 0.876 | 1 | ||||
2. Innovation | 3.37 | 0.778 | 0.617 ** | 1 | |||
3. Risk Taking | 3.56 | 0.729 | 0.644 ** | 0.566 ** | 1 | ||
4. Proactiveness | 3.33 | 0.709 | 0.315 ** | 0.343 ** | 0.348 ** | 1 | |
5. Innovative Behavior | 3.50 | 0.638 | 0.590 ** | 0.649 ** | 0.608 ** | 0.341 ** | 1 |
Model | Innovation | Risk Taking | Proactiveness | Innovative Behavior | Innovative Behavior | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | t-Value | β | t-Value | β | t-Value | β | t-Value | β | t-Value | β | t-Value | β | t-Value | |
6.368 *** | 8.755 *** | 10.478 *** | 9.879 *** | 7.026 *** | 5.760 *** | 5.697 *** | ||||||||
Gender | −0.080 | −1.243 | −0.113 | −1.802* | −0.42 | −0.542 | −0.030 | −0.459 | 0.006 | 0.101 | 0.016 | 0.267 | −0.021 | −0.327 |
Major | 0.041 | 0.658 | −0.035 | −0.570 | −0.091 | −1.197 | 0.162 | 2.559 ** | 0.143 | 2.517 ** | 0.176 | 3.013 *** | 0.182 | 2.954 *** |
Start-up Intention | 0.603 | 9.545 *** | 0.612 | 9.914 *** | 0.288 | 3.735 *** | 0.590 | 9.198 *** | 0.319 | 4.431 *** | 0.341 | 4.544 *** | 0.527 | 8.150 *** |
Innovation | 0.449 | 6.275 *** | ||||||||||||
Risk Taking | 0.408 | 5.430 *** | ||||||||||||
Proactiveness | 0.218 | 3.455 *** | ||||||||||||
R | 0.629 | 0.651 | 0.317 | 0.614 | 0.706 | 0.688 | 0.648 | |||||||
R2 | 0.395 | 0.424 | 0.100 | 0.377 | 0.499 | 0.473 | 0.420 | |||||||
Adj R2 | 0.384 | 0.413 | 0.084 | 0.366 | 0.486 | 0.460 | 0.405 | |||||||
F | 35.509 *** | 39.933 *** | 6.052 *** | 32.876 *** | 40.305 *** | 36.338 *** | 29.297 *** | |||||||
Durbin–Watson | 2.283 | 2.148 | 2.060 | 2.238 | 2.190 | 2.218 | 2.131 |
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Lee, J.; Kim, D.; Sung, S. The Effect of Entrepreneurship on Start-Up Open Innovation: Innovative Behavior of University Students. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2019, 5, 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc5040103
Lee J, Kim D, Sung S. The Effect of Entrepreneurship on Start-Up Open Innovation: Innovative Behavior of University Students. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2019; 5(4):103. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc5040103
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jongwan, Daesu Kim, and Sanghyun Sung. 2019. "The Effect of Entrepreneurship on Start-Up Open Innovation: Innovative Behavior of University Students" Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 5, no. 4: 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc5040103