A Theoretical Proposition for Spatial Data Infrastructure On-Going Improvement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Systematic Literature Review Method
2.2. SDI as a Temporal Phenomenon
2.3. Consideration of the SDI Constructs as Constraints
2.4. The Theory of Constraints (TOC)
- (a)
- Among the reviewed methods, the TOC was perceived to be more scientific in approach.
- (b)
- The TOC has been found to perform better than other improvement methods by [37]. They reported its prowess on things such as lead times, performance, inventory levels improvement, increase in throughput and better prospects in aspects of financials as compared to other improvement approaches.
- (c)
- The TOC was viewed to be much simpler and capable of easily handling complex constructs that are associated with SDI: organization, standards, access networks, legal framework, and financial framework.
- (d)
- The fundamental objective of TOC is “focusing”, and it is viewed to augur well for SDI as an intervention and it can be easily utilized across recognized levels of corporate, national, regional, and global.
- (e)
- The TOC is also found to relate to the aspects of challenges with much ease. Most technical organizations dealing with interventions such as SDI prefer to identify challenges associated with the development of systems or infrastructures. Hence, SDI will help them to systematically proffer solutions for the challenges. This will be demonstrated through the SDIOGI proposition later in this paper.
3. SDI Results, Analysis and SDI On-Going Improvement Proposition
3.1. Past Continental Africa SDI Assessments
3.2. The Theory of Constraints Focusing Steps
3.3. SDI On-Going Improvement (SDIOGI) Approach
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EAIM | enterprise architecture implementation methodology |
SDI | spatial data infrastructure |
SDIOGI | spatial data infrastructure on-going improvement |
SLR | systematic literature review |
TOC | theory of constraints |
References
- Clinton, W.J. Executive Order 12906: Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: The National Spatial Data Infrastructure; Federal Register: Washington, DC, USA, 1994; Volume 59.
- Kok, B.; Van Loenen, B. How to assess the success of National Spatial Data Infrastructures? Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2005, 29, 699–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Makanga, P.; Smit, J. A review of the status of the spatial data Infrastructure in Africa. Univ. Cape Town S. Afr. Comput. J. 2010, 45, 18–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mwange, C.; Mulaku, G.C.; Siriba, D.N. Reviewing the status of national spatial data infrastructures in Africa. Surv. Rev. 2016, 50, 191–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maphale, L. Constraints Oriented Approaches in Advancing Spatial Data Infrastructure: Case of Southern African Customs Union. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Vandenbroucke, D.; Janssen, K.; Van Orshoven, J. Inspire State of Play: Generic approach to assess the status of NSDIs. In A Multi-View Framework to Assess Spatial Data Infrastructures; Space for Geoinformation, Wageningen University: Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for SDIs and Land Administration, University of Melbourne: Melbourne, Australia, 2008; pp. 145–172. [Google Scholar]
- Delgado-Fernández, T.; Lance, K.; Buck, M.; Onsrud, H.J. Assessing an SDI Readiness Index. In Proceedings of the From Pharaohs to Geoinformatics, Federation of International Surveyors (FIG) Working Week 2005 and Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI-8) Conference, Cairo, Egypt, 16–21 April 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Delgado-Fernández, T.; Delgado Fernández, M.; Andrade, R.E. The Spatial Data Infrastructure Readiness model and its worldwide Application. In A Multi-View Framework to Assess Spatial Data Infrastructures; Wageningen University: Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for SDIs and Land Administration, University of Melbourne: Melbourne, Australia, 2008; pp. 117–134. [Google Scholar]
- Steudler, D.; Rajabifard, A.; Williamson, I. Evaluation and Performance Indicators to Assess Spatial Data Infrastructure Initiatives. In A Multi-View Framework to Assess Spatial Data Infrastructures; Space for Geoinformation, Wageningen University: Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for SDIs and Land Administration, University of Melbourne: Melbourne, Australia, 2008; pp. 193–210. [Google Scholar]
- Giff, G.A.; Crompvoets, J. Performance Indicators a tool to Support Spatial Data Infrastructure assessment. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2008, 32, 365–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vandenbroucke, D.; Dessers, E.; Crompvoets, J.W.H.C.; Bregt, A.K.; Van Orshoven, J. A methodology to assess the performance of spatial data infrastructures in the context of work processes. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2013, 38, 58–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Loenen, B.; van Rij, E. Assessment of Spatial Data Infrastructures from an Organisational Perspective. In A Multi-View Framework to Assess Spatial Data Infrastructures; Space for Geoinformation, Wageningen University: Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for SDIs and Land Administration, University of Melbourne: Melbourne, Australia, 2008; pp. 173–192. [Google Scholar]
- Grus, L.; Crompvoets, J.; Bregt, A. Multi-view SDI Assessment Framework. Int. J. Spat. Data Infrastruct. Res. 2007, 2, 33–53. [Google Scholar]
- Grus, L.; Crompvoets, J.; Bregt, A.K.; Van Loenen, B.; Delgado-Fernandez, T. Applying the Multiview SDI assessment framework in several American Countries and the Netherlands. In A Multi-View Framework to Assess Spatial Data Infrastructures; Space for Geoinformation, Wageningen University: Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for SDIs and Land Administration, University of Melbourne: Melbourne, Australia, 2008; pp. 69–91. [Google Scholar]
- Guigoz, Y.; Giuliani, G.; Nonguierma, A.; Lehmann, A.; Mlisa, A.; Ray, A. Spatial Data Infrastructures in Africa: A Gap Analysis. J. Environ. Inform. 2015, 30, 53–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajabifard, A.; Williamson, I.P. Spatial data infrastructures: Concept, SDI hierarchy and future directions. In Proceedings of the GEOMATICS’80 Conference, Tehran, Iran, 2001; Available online: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=565CC699C19AAA9418C200AA3A300520?doi=10.1.1.102.503&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed on 5 October 2020).
- Rajabifard, A. Diffusion of Regional Spatial Data Infrastructures: With Particular Reference to Asia and the Pacific. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Crompvoets, J.; Vancauwenberghe, G.; Ho, S.; Masser, I.; de Vries, W.T. Governance of national spatial data infrastructures in Europe. Int. J. Spat. Data Infrastruct. Res. 2013, 13, 253–285. [Google Scholar]
- Crompvoets, J.; Rajabifard, A.; Loenen, B.; Delgado Fernández, T. A Multi-View Framework to Assess SDIs; Space for Geo-Information (RGI), Wageningen University: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Ancona, D.G.; Okhuysen, G.A.; Perlow, L.A. Taking Time to Integrate Temporal Research. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2001, 26, 512–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okoli, C.; Schabram, K. A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of Information Systems Research. SSRN Electron. J. 2011, 10, 1–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rouhani, B.D.; Mahrin, M.N.; Nikpay, F.; Ahmad, R.B.; Nikfard, P. A systematic literature review on Enterprise Architecture Implementation Methodologies. Inf. Softw. Technol. 2015, 62, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bano, M.; Sowghi, D. User involvement in software development and system success: A systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, Porto de Galinhas, Brazil, 14–16 April 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Crompvoets, J. Developments of National Clearinghouses for Geo-Information. In Proceedings of the 6th Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Conference, Budapest, Hungary, 16–19 September 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Crompvoets, J.; Bregt, A. World status of National Spatial Data Clearinghouses. URISA J. 2003, 15, 43–50. [Google Scholar]
- Crompvoets, J.; Bregt, A.K.; Rajabifard, A.; Williamson, I. Assessing the worldwide developments of national spatial data clearinghouses. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 2004, 18, 665–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Şimşit, Z.T.; Günay, N.S.; Vayvay, Ö. Theory of Constraints: A Literature Review. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2014, 150, 930–936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Anderson, J.C.; Rungtusanatham, M.; Schroeder, R.G. A Theory of Quality Management Underlying the Deming Management Method. Acad. Manag. Rev. 1997, 19, 472–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogers, E.M. Attributes of Innovations and Their Rate of Adoption. In Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed.; The Free Press: New York, NY, USA, 1995; pp. 204–251. [Google Scholar]
- Waterman, J.H., Jr.; Peters, T.J.; Phillips, J. Structure is not organisation. Bus. Horiz. 1980, 23, 14–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lunenburg, F.C. Approaches to managing organisational change. Int. J. Sch. Acad. Intellect. Divers. 2010, 12, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
- Kotter, J.P. Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail. Harv. Bus. 1995, 95204, 59–67. [Google Scholar]
- Bridges, W. Managing Transitions: Making the Most of Change; Da Capo Press/Perseus: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Davis, F.D. A Technology Acceptance Model for Empirically Testing New End-User Information Systems; The Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, UK, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Boca, G.D. ADKAR Model vs. Quality Management Change. In Proceedings of the Risk in Contemporary Economy, Galati, Romania, 12 March 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Goldratt, E.M.; Cox, J. The Goal—A Process of Ongoing Improvement, 2nd ed.; North River Press Publishing Corporation: Great Barrington, MA, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Balderstone, S.J.; Mabin, V.J. A Review of Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints (TOC)—Lessons from the international literature. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Operational Research Society, Auckland, New Zealand, 31 August–1 September 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Watson, K.J.; Blackstone, J.H.; Gardiner, S.C. The evolution of a management philosophy: The theory of constraints. J. Oper. Manag. 2007, 25, 387–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ronen, B.; Spector, Y. Managing system constraints: A cost/utilisation approach. Int. J. Prod. Res. 1992, 30, 2045–2061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coman, A.; Ronen, B. IS Management by Constraints: Coupling IS Effort to Changes in Business Bottlenecks. Hum. Syst. Manag. 1994, 13, 65–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gourmelon, F.; Noucher, M.; Georis-Creuseveau, J.; Amelot, X.; Gautreau, P.; Le Campion, G.; Maulpoix, A.; Pierson, J.; Pissoat, O.; Rouan, M. An integrated conceptual framework for SDI research: Experiences from French case studies. Int. J. Spat. Data Infrastruct. Res. 2019, 14, 54–82. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, G.; Rajabifard, A. Sustainable development and geospatial information: A strategic framework for integrating a global policy agenda into national geospatial capabilities. Geo Spat. Inf. Sci. 2017, 20, 59–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Types of SDI Assessment Done | SDI Constructs Assessed | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | Organizational Points = 12 | Funding Points = 8 | Legal Points = 12 | Technical Data Point = 12 | Metadata Points = 12 | Total Points = 56 | |
Year 2010 and 2016 SDI Assessments | State of Play (SoP) Average Values (Extract, [3]) | 9.11 | 4.67 | 4.37 | 6.45 | 6.11 | 30.70 |
SoP Simple Index (2010) | 0.76 | 0.55 | 0.36 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.55 | |
Readiness Index (RI) (Extract, [4]) | Organization | Financial | Human | Technology | Informational | ||
Overall (2016) | 0.58 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.50 |
Time | Steps | Theoretical Aspect: Theory of Constraints Process of On-Going Improvement [40] | Conceptual Aspect: Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Progression | Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Process Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
Implementation and Assessment Over Time | 1 | Define the system’s GOAL. | Define SDI (Corporate, Local, State, National, Regional, Global) | SDI Development set up with vision and mission statements and well-articulated objectives and goals |
2 | Determine System performance measurements | State SDI Operations Resources and Performance | This step sets the development agenda for an SDI and pronounce input and output needs over a particular time of implementation | |
3 | Identifying the System’s constraints | Identify SDI Constraints | All development constraints are identified and the primary constraint that is considered highly inhibitive to SDI development to progress is identified. e.g., Legal Framework | |
4 | Exploiting the System’s constraints | Prioritizing SDI Constraints | SDI Development processes, being undertaken by ensuring that the SDI constraint(s) identified in step 3 is solved and removed from inhibiting SDI progression. e.g., Ensuring that Legal Framework is in place as a pre-requisite to commencing SDI | |
5 | Subordinating of System’s Constraints | SDI Constraint Subordination | SDI Development processes are subordinated to the identified main constraint to ensure that the identified major constraint is solved first. | |
6 | Elevation of System’s Constraint | SDI Assessment Mechanism | Undertaking SDI Assessment at some point in time to objectively absolve the constraint identified in step 3 and remove it from the weak link bracket | |
7 | Go Back to Step 1 or 3 but Avoid Inertia | New Constraints Frontiers back to Step 3 | Further Constraint exploitation or Identifying new main constraint (go back to step 3) following SDI Assessment performed in Step 6. |
Time | Steps | SDI On-Going Improvement | Composite Constraints | Underlying Constraints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Year 2010-Implementation and Assessment Over Time—Year 2016 | 1 | Define SDI. | National | State, Local, Corporate, Objectives, Goals |
2 | State SDI Operations Resources and Performance | Country Stated Inputs/Outputs | SDI inputs/outputs for State, Local and Corporate | |
3 | Identify SDI Constraints. ([3], 2010) | Organizational, Funding, Legal, Technical Data and Metadata with lowest index scale | Coordinator, Stakeholder-Participation, Political-Influence, Budget, Self-Sustenance, Data-Pricing Law, Data Use Law, Data Creation Law, Interagency Data-Coordination, Data Standards, Electronic Data Access, Metadata Captured, Metadata Standard, Clearinghouse data Communications | |
4 | Prioritising SDI Constraints | Select and exploit Composite Constraint with lowest index scale | Select and exploit all the related Underlying Constraints with lowest index scales | |
5 | SDI Constraint Subordination | State Composite Constraints Subject to Subordination | State underlying constraints that will be subject to subordination | |
6 | SDI Assessment Mechanism. ([4], 2016) | SDI Assessment based on the Multiview SDI Assessment framework | Institute SDI Assessment based on the Multiview SDI Assessment framework (select suitable method, in this case SDI Readiness Index). | |
7 | New Constraints Frontiers back to 1 or 3 | Determine new constraint as per the SDI assessment | Determine related primary constraint SDI components. |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Maphale, L.; Smit, J.L. A Theoretical Proposition for Spatial Data Infrastructure On-Going Improvement. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010009
Maphale L, Smit JL. A Theoretical Proposition for Spatial Data Infrastructure On-Going Improvement. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaphale, Lopang, and Julian L. Smit. 2021. "A Theoretical Proposition for Spatial Data Infrastructure On-Going Improvement" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010009
APA StyleMaphale, L., & Smit, J. L. (2021). A Theoretical Proposition for Spatial Data Infrastructure On-Going Improvement. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010009