Local Climate Zones, Land Surface Temperature and Air Temperature Interactions: Case Study of Hradec Králové, the Czech Republic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Area of Interest
2.2. Local Climate Zones Identifacation
2.3. LST and AT Evaluation
2.4. LST and AT Relation in LCZ
2.5. MUHI Evaluation: Measurement of Surface Temperature and Temperature of Adjacent Air
3. Results
3.1. LST Evaluation
3.2. AT Evaluation
3.3. Interaction of LSTs Derived from Remote Sensing with Ground Monitoring of AT
3.4. MUHI Evaluation: Surface Temperature and Temperature of Adjacent Air
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LCZ Class | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | A | B | D | E | G | SUM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | 61 | 47 | 28 | 305 | 683 | 272 | 683 | 33 | 1838 | 577 | 4940 | 194 | 232 | 9893 |
Area (%) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 6.9 | 2.7 | 6.9 | 0.3 | 18.6 | 5.8 | 49.9 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 100 |
LANDSAT Scene Identifier | Date | Time (UTC) | Scene Cloud Cover | Solar Elevation | Solar Azimuth |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LC81900252013169LGN01 | 2013/06/18 | 09:46:30 | 0.15 | 60.126 | 147.931 |
LC81910252013208LGN01 | 2013/07/27 | 09:52:42 | 1.65 | 55.684 | 148.656 |
Location of Measurement | Label | Brief Characteristics of the Environment | LCZ [25] Classification in [46] | LCZ Class by [32] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Industrial zone 50°11′43.159″ N, 15°51′18.336″ E | 1 | significant proportion of horizontal concrete and asphalt surfaces, partial grassland, sunlit spaces all day | LCZ 8B (large low-rise with scattered trees) | 8 |
City park 50°12′21.884″ N, 15°49′31.925″ E | 2 | woody vegetation in the city center, grass cover, full shade, near the confluence of two major rivers | LCZ B (scattered trees land cover type) | B |
Suburban forest 50°10′39.974″ N, 15°54′14.036″ E | 3 | middle-aged, predominantly coniferous forest, shaded by trees (except in the afternoon), absence of significant artificial surfaces | LCZ A (dense trees land cover type) | A |
Historic city center 50°12′39.493″ N, 15°49′55.767″ E | 4 | the historical part of the city center, enclosed area (courtyard) with vertical surfaces and limited air flow, artificial solid surfaces, insolation from morning until afternoon | LCZ 32 (compact low-rise with mid-rise built type) | 2 |
Urban residential zone 50°12′52.516″ N, 15°49′32.781″ E | 5 | location surrounded by residential buildings five stories high, woody and shrubby vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the measurement location, grass cover, small summer swimming pool, partially sunlit afternoons | LCZ 2B (compact mid-rise with scattered trees) | 2 |
Reference climatological location 50°13′21.367″ N, 15°47′15.969″ E | 6 | situated on the outskirts of suburban housing development, woody plants nearby, horizontal artificial surfaces nearby, located according to the principles of meteorological station establishment, the AT sensors are placed in a radiation shield | LCZ 9 (sparsely built–built type) | 9 |
Reference climatological location 50°10′39.01″ N, 15°50′18.98″ E | 7 | situated on the outskirts of suburban housing development, woody plants nearby, significant areas of grass cover in the vicinity, located according to the principles of meteorological station establishment, the AT sensors are placed in a radiation shield | LCZ 9 (sparsely built–built type) | D |
LCZ Class | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | A | B | D | E | G | AVG | ||
18 June | Average | 43.7 | 43.0 | 41.1 | 42.0 | 40.8 | 42.7 | 39.2 | 45.7 | 34.2 | 37.7 | 35.2 | 40.6 | 33.3 | 39.9 |
Mean max | 45.2 | 44.5 | 42.1 | 43.4 | 42.2 | 44.6 | 40.5 | 47.6 | 35.1 | 39.0 | 36.4 | 42.3 | 34.9 | 41.4 | |
Mean min | 42.0 | 41.3 | 40.0 | 40.6 | 39.4 | 40.9 | 37.9 | 43.8 | 33.3 | 36.3 | 34.0 | 38.9 | 31.9 | 38.5 | |
Abs max | 49.2 | 50.0 | 45.1 | 50.8 | 55.4 | 56.3 | 54.8 | 54.8 | 50.9 | 52.9 | 55.5 | 50.4 | 49.4 | 51.9 | |
Abs min | 32.2 | 31.2 | 34.2 | 29.9 | 29.6 | 29.6 | 29.0 | 34.6 | 29.5 | 28.5 | 27.7 | 30.2 | 28.0 | 30.3 | |
27 July | Average | 45.7 | 45.6 | 45.3 | 45.1 | 44.0 | 45.6 | 42.8 | 47.8 | 36.0 | 41.6 | 40.3 | 44.0 | 37.1 | 43.1 |
Mean max | 47.0 | 46.9 | 46.0 | 46.4 | 45.3 | 47.4 | 44.1 | 49.5 | 37.0 | 43.0 | 41.6 | 45.5 | 38.9 | 44.5 | |
Mean min | 44.2 | 44.2 | 44.5 | 43.8 | 42.8 | 43.9 | 41.6 | 46.3 | 35.0 | 40.3 | 39.0 | 42.6 | 35.4 | 41.8 | |
Abs max | 51.2 | 51.0 | 49.4 | 54.9 | 57.6 | 57.7 | 55.6 | 57.1 | 53.3 | 54.5 | 57.9 | 54.0 | 56.3 | 54.7 | |
Abs min | 38.1 | 37.0 | 40.4 | 34.1 | 33.4 | 34.7 | 32.8 | 37.9 | 31.9 | 32.6 | 31.0 | 34.8 | 30.5 | 34.6 |
Location | LCZ Class by [32] | Avg | Median | Min | Max | Range | St. Dev. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (industrial zone) | 8 | 11.0 | 10.8 | −22.6 | 39.5 | 62.2 | 9.2 |
2 (city park) | B | 10.6 | 11.0 | −19.1 | 35.7 | 54.8 | 8.5 |
3 (suburban forest) | A | 9.7 | 9.6 | −22.5 | 37.3 | 59.7 | 8.8 |
4 (city center) | 2 | 12.0 | 12.1 | −17.7 | 41.1 | 58.8 | 9.3 |
5 (urban residential zone) | 2 | 11.0 | 11.2 | −18.6 | 36.2 | 54.8 | 8.7 |
6 (reference climatological location) | 9 | 10.4 | 10.6 | −20.1 | 36.8 | 56.9 | 8.8 |
7 (reference climatological location) | D | 10.7 | 10.8 | −18.4 | 37.2 | 55.6 | 8.7 |
18 June | Average LST | 43.7 | 42.7 | 39.2 | 37.7 | 35.2 | 34.2 |
LCZ class | 2 | 8 | 9 | B | D | A | |
AT | 32.5 | 32.4 | 29.7 | 29.0 | 28.8 | 28.8 | |
LCZ class | 8 | 2 | 9 | D | B | A | |
27 July | Average LST | 45.7 | 45.6 | 42.8 | 41.6 | 40.3 | 36.0 |
LCZ class | 2 | 8 | 9 | B | D | A | |
AT | 35.9 | 35.8 | 32.5 | 32.3 | 31.0 | 30.9 | |
LCZ class | 8 | 2 | 9 | D | B | A |
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Středová, H.; Chuchma, F.; Rožnovský, J.; Středa, T. Local Climate Zones, Land Surface Temperature and Air Temperature Interactions: Case Study of Hradec Králové, the Czech Republic. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100704
Středová H, Chuchma F, Rožnovský J, Středa T. Local Climate Zones, Land Surface Temperature and Air Temperature Interactions: Case Study of Hradec Králové, the Czech Republic. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(10):704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100704
Chicago/Turabian StyleStředová, Hana, Filip Chuchma, Jaroslav Rožnovský, and Tomáš Středa. 2021. "Local Climate Zones, Land Surface Temperature and Air Temperature Interactions: Case Study of Hradec Králové, the Czech Republic" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 10: 704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100704