Accessibility of Vaccination Centers in COVID-19 Outbreak Control: A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
- The solution to the vaccination centre site selection problem was discussed for the first time in this study. For the first time, a GIS-based MCDA approach was proposed for the solution. The accuracy, reliability, and consistency of this approach are proven by studies in the literature.
- For the first time, spatial analysis techniques were used in the field selection of vaccination centres, and suitability analysis was performed for vaccine accessibility. Suitability analysis ensures that all processes from the logistics of the vaccine to the administration of the vaccine were carried out effectively.
- Since vaccination centre site selection is a multi-criteria decision-making problem, the MCDA method was used in this study. To this end, a scientific framework with eight criteria was presented. For the first time, the locations of vaccination centres were determined by considering more than one criterion. There is no study in this field.
- The assignment of potential vaccination centres was made as three centres according to the suitability map. Service area analysis was carried out with Thiessen Polygon [23] in terms of the accessibility of assigned vaccination centres. The determination of service areas was included in this study for the first time in the literature, and the target group was directed to vaccination centres.
- Istanbul is most affected by the pandemic in Turkey, and this study was conducted in one of the districts of Istanbul with the highest population and number of daily cases. This district, where the risk on the health system is at a high level, was selected as the study area. In addition, this study, which is carried out under the worst-case scenario (high health system risk) conditions, can be easily applied in other study areas. Thanks to this situation, this study becomes a guide for the planned vaccination centres.
- The assigned vaccination centres can also be used as a testing centre for COVID-19 and possible outbreaks in the future, if needed.
- Especially, the location of vaccination centres is very important for the logistic and application of the vaccine in terms of authorised institutions and personnel, health workers, and target groups. The locations of vaccination centres were evaluated with a scientific framework and a guide is presented.
Impacts of COVID-19 on Mobility and Logistics
- Square metres
- Medical staff
- Health workers
- Administrative staff
- Number of vaccines/day administered
- Productivity (Vaccines/worker/day)
3. Materials
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Defining the Evaluation Criteria
4. Methods
4.1. Analytic Hierarchy Process
4.2. Geographical Information Systems
5. Results
- Scenario 1 is current condition of criteria weights.
- Scenario 2, the weight of C1 and C2 criteria is decreased by 75%.
- Scenario 3, the weight of C3 and C4 criteria is decreased by 75%.
- Scenario 4, the weight of C5 and C6 criteria is decreased by 75%.
- Scenario 5, the weight of C7 and C8 criteria is decreased by 75%.
- Scenario 6, weights of all criteria are equal.
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Topics of the Site Selection | Methodologies | References |
---|---|---|
Hospital | TOPSIS-ANP, Hesitant Fuzzy TOPSIS | [36,39] |
Hospital for organ transplantation | Hesitant Fuzzy EDAS | [38] |
Renewable energy systems | A fuzzy set theory and GIS | [40] |
Organic farming | AHP and GIS | [41] |
Electric vehicle charging station | GIS-AHP-TOPSIS, GIS-AHP-PROMETHEE-VIKOR, Entropy-ELECTRE, Genetic Algorithm | [37,42,43,44] |
Car sharing | MULTIMOORA, WASPAS-TOPSIS | [45,46] |
Logistic centers | AHP-ANP-TOPSIS-GIS, DEA-R_FUCON-R_CoCoSo | [9,47] |
Wind and Solar Farm | ELECTRE-GIS, AHP-GIS, AHP-GIS | [30,31,48] |
Bike sharing stations | AHP-MOORA-GIS | [48] |
Pedestrian Crossing | AHP-VIKOR-VISSIM-GIS | [32] |
Criterion | Explanation | Data Source | Type of Analysis |
---|---|---|---|
Road networks | Considering all road networks of the district, vaccination centers should be designed to serve the entire district in terms of transportation. For this reason, it is thought that vaccination centers close to road networks will be more efficient. | https://uym.ibb.gov.tr/YHarita/Harita_tr.aspx (Accessed Date: 5 April 2021) | Euclidean Distance |
PTS | Since vehicle mobility is high at PTS points, it will be appropriate to perform vaccination in these regions. Therefore, proximity to these regions is important in analysis. The district has 110. Since it is thought that not everyone has a private vehicle, individuals who want to be vaccinated should be able to reach vaccination centers by public transport. | https://www.iett.istanbul/tr/main/hatlar/ (Accessed Date: 6 April 2021) | Euclidean Distance |
Emergency stations | In case of an emergency in the vaccination centers, its proximity to these regions is important in order to intervene fast. The district has nine. Considering that there are still suspicions for the side effects of vaccines and studies are ongoing, proximity to emergency stations is important for patient health in case of an unexpected side effect. | https://bagcilar.istanbulsaglik.gov.tr/hakkinda/sayisalbilgiler (Accessed Date: 7 April 2021) | Euclidean Distance |
Hospitals | In case of a phenomenal situation (side effect) in vaccination centers, infected people should be transferred to hospitals and the proximity of these centers to hospitals is important for analysis. The district has 20. | https://bagcilar.istanbulsaglik.gov.tr/hakkinda/hastaneler (Accessed Date: 10 April 2021) | Euclidean Distance |
Pharmacies | Proximity to pharmacies is important to meet the medical material needs that may occur in vaccination centers. The district has 99. | https://www.eczaneler.gen.tr/eczaneler/istanbul-bagcilar (Accessed Date: 11 April 2021) | Euclidean Distance |
Population | It is very important to establishment vaccination centers in these regions, as the mobility and contact are high in dense populations. In addition, vaccination centers will play an important role in meeting the demand for vaccines in densely populated areas. | http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=220 (Accessed Date: 7 April 2021) | Kernel Density |
Buildings | Since the mobility between the settlement areas is high, the siting of vaccination centers in these areas is very important for case diagnosis and thus the efficiency of these centers will be increased. | https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/ (Accessed Date: 5 May 2021) | Euclidean Distance |
Police stations | Proximity of the police stations against any security problems (the desire of infected people to escape, discussion, fighting etc.) that may occur in vaccination centers is important for the intervention. The district has six. | https://www.egm.gov.tr/en-yakin-polis-merkezi (Accessed Date: 7 April 2021) | Euclidean Distance |
n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI | 0 | 0 | 0.52 | 0.89 | 1.11 | 1.25 | 1.35 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.49 |
Criterion | Road Networks | PTS | Emergency Stations | Hospitals | Pharmacies | Population | Buildings | Police Station |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weights | 0.2123 | 0.0488 | 0.0714 | 0.2123 | 0.0236 | 0.3501 | 0.0555 | 0.0261 |
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Alemdar, K.D.; Kaya, Ö.; Çodur, M.Y.; Campisi, T.; Tesoriere, G. Accessibility of Vaccination Centers in COVID-19 Outbreak Control: A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100708
Alemdar KD, Kaya Ö, Çodur MY, Campisi T, Tesoriere G. Accessibility of Vaccination Centers in COVID-19 Outbreak Control: A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(10):708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100708
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlemdar, Kadir Diler, Ömer Kaya, Muhammed Yasin Çodur, Tiziana Campisi, and Giovanni Tesoriere. 2021. "Accessibility of Vaccination Centers in COVID-19 Outbreak Control: A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 10: 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100708