Universal Snow Avalanche Modeling Index Based on SAFI–Flow-R Approach in Poorly-Gauged Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. Snow Avalanche Formation Index (SAFI)
2.2.2. Flow-R Software
3. Results
4. Discussion
- −
- Universality of the model. Due to the application of only the main natural conditions, avalanche modeling SAFI–Flow-R approach enables spatial modeling of avalanches in different mountain regions around the world (Šar Mountains, Alps, Andes, Himalayas, Rocky Mountains, Caucasus, etc.);
- −
- Identification of vulnerable areas at the regional level. In a relatively short period, results on the propagation of avalanches can be obtained for territories with an area of more than 1000 km2;
- −
- Compact modeling of snow avalanches from the starting zone to the run-out zone;
- −
- Avalanche spatial modeling is possible with or without a snow avalanche inventory. Unlike many statistical methods and machine learning models, SAFI–Flow-R can offer relevant results without historical data, which significantly facilitates the work of researchers in parts of mountain regions where there is no avalanche inventory;
- −
- Simple application and data processing. All data (snow cover, terrain slope, and land use) are open data that can be processed using GIS tools and processing of satellite images.
5. Validation of Model
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Avalanche | Latitude (UTM 34N) | Longitude | Altitude (m) | NDSI | Slope (°) | Land Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 502066.783 | 4667123.11 | 2294 | 0.73 | 24.4 | Pastures |
2 | 503361.101 | 4668079.36 | 2243 | 0.72 | 30.5 | Pastures |
3 | 504331.426 | 4669052.444 | 2336 | 0.72 | 48.3 | Pastures |
4 | 504889.997 | 4669887.542 | 2387 | 0.70 | 34.5 | Pastures |
5 | 505002.319 | 4669989.1 | 2417 | 0.67 | 30.1 | Pastures |
6 | 504663.065 | 4669542.353 | 2281 | 0.69 | 27.2 | Pastures |
7 | 505436.288 | 4670404.027 | 2407 | 0.65 | 36.4 | Pastures |
8 | 505415.59 | 4670319.855 | 2431 | 0.63 | 32.8 | Pastures |
9 | 506019.145 | 4670700.147 | 2312 | 0.72 | 59.7 | Pastures |
10 | 506503.893 | 4670880.358 | 2234 | 0.68 | 47.8 | Pastures |
11 | 506754.34 | 4670882.29 | 2199 | 0.69 | 47.6 | Pastures |
12 | 507099.997 | 4671178.686 | 2219 | 0.70 | 35.0 | Pastures |
13 | 507443.585 | 4671466.251 | 2213 | 0.68 | 37.5 | Pastures |
14 | 507617.655 | 4671671.437 | 2223 | 0.69 | 38.1 | Pastures |
15 | 507954.619 | 4672239.668 | 2219 | 0.69 | 30.8 | Pastures |
16 | 507990.427 | 4672671.291 | 2028 | 0.76 | 27.8 | Pastures |
17 | 507986.908 | 4672491.908 | 2130 | 0.68 | 32.4 | Pastures |
18 | 508111.925 | 4672594.432 | 2074 | 0.73 | 25.3 | Pastures |
19 | 508673.808 | 4672807.484 | 2133 | 0.83 | 32.5 | Pastures |
20 | 510270.593 | 4673706.746 | 2095 | 0.66 | 29.0 | Pastures |
21 | 510539.254 | 4674380.95 | 1816 | 0.73 | 28.5 | Pastures |
22 | 511460.731 | 4674238.824 | 1727 | 0.74 | 33.8 | Pastures |
23 | 511531.104 | 4672685.228 | 1685 | 0.74 | 28.8 | Pastures |
24 | 508146.214 | 4674477.162 | 1730 | 0.78 | 33.4 | Pastures |
25 | 502957.903 | 4670574.889 | 1855 | 0.75 | 30.5 | Pastures |
26 | 500368.163 | 4666180.279 | 2482 | 0.64 | 36.7 | Pastures |
27 | 499723.764 | 4666018.007 | 2387 | 0.67 | 24.1 | Pastures |
28 | 499542.822 | 4665931.404 | 2387 | 0.62 | 35.5 | Pastures |
29 | 499155.948 | 4665888.575 | 2415 | 0.73 | 26.3 | Pastures |
30 | 499021.272 | 4666193.25 | 2379 | 0.73 | 24.7 | Pastures |
31 | 499184.373 | 4667131.838 | 2266 | 0.68 | 33.8 | Pastures |
32 | 498375.217 | 4666731.4 | 2167 | 0.65 | 30.2 | Pastures |
33 | 495735.802 | 4666193.802 | 2319 | 0.60 | 37.8 | Pastures |
34 | 495538.756 | 4665374.159 | 2460 | 0.61 | 42.8 | Pastures |
35 | 493512.279 | 4664187.471 | 2478 | 0.68 | 29.5 | Pastures |
36 | 493013.042 | 4664360.783 | 2373 | 0.71 | 33.7 | Pastures |
37 | 490721.216 | 4661023.36 | 2069 | 0.71 | 32.1 | Pastures |
38 | 490448.968 | 4660756.356 | 2323 | 0.61 | 34.1 | Pastures |
39 | 489023.562 | 4661077.037 | 2093 | 0.71 | 31.9 | Pastures |
40 | 472353.077 | 4642879.312 | 1581 | 0.62 | 26.5 | Meadows |
41 | 476291.192 | 4646520.486 | 1599 | 0.60 | 37.9 | Meadows |
42 | 479409.732 | 4643774.02 | 2406 | 0.70 | 33.8 | Pastures |
43 | 479192.265 | 4644609.669 | 2423 | 0.65 | 43.9 | Pastures |
44 | 480038.953 | 4645571.163 | 2253 | 0.70 | 26.0 | Pastures |
45 | 479111.681 | 4646996.292 | 2006 | 0.74 | 26.7 | Pastures |
46 | 477968.044 | 4648472.201 | 1997 | 0.71 | 22.6 | Pastures |
47 | 478173.921 | 4649769.831 | 1936 | 0.78 | 25.2 | Pastures |
48 | 477052.639 | 4636312.511 | 2251 | 0.73 | 40.3 | Pastures |
49 | 471749.798 | 4639023.404 | 2081 | 0.71 | 25.1 | Pastures |
50 | 479541.648 | 4653537.98 | 2264 | 0.69 | 20.9 | Pastures |
51 | 480023.637 | 4654124.839 | 2395 | 0.68 | 31.2 | Pastures |
52 | 480036.331 | 4657969.156 | 1907 | 0.71 | 32.3 | Pastures |
53 | 485594.448 | 4660229.935 | 1849 | 0.70 | 27.0 | Pastures |
Factors | Categories | Ratings |
---|---|---|
Snow cover (SC)/NDSI | −1–0.6 >0.6 | 0 1 |
Slope (S) | 0–20° 20–60° >60° | 0 1 0 |
Land use (LU) | Forests, settlements, water bodies Meadows, pastures, bare areas, agricultural areas | 0 1 |
Thickness of Triggered Snow | Susceptibility (km2) | Share in the Total Area (%) |
---|---|---|
0.5 m | 282.9 | 29.2 |
1 m | 285.5 | 29.4 |
3 m | 294.3 | 30.3 |
5 m | 299.9 | 30.9 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Published by MDPI on behalf of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Durlević, U.; Valjarević, A.; Novković, I.; Vujović, F.; Josifov, N.; Krušić, J.; Komac, B.; Djekić, T.; Singh, S.K.; Jović, G.; et al. Universal Snow Avalanche Modeling Index Based on SAFI–Flow-R Approach in Poorly-Gauged Regions. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2024, 13, 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090315
Durlević U, Valjarević A, Novković I, Vujović F, Josifov N, Krušić J, Komac B, Djekić T, Singh SK, Jović G, et al. Universal Snow Avalanche Modeling Index Based on SAFI–Flow-R Approach in Poorly-Gauged Regions. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2024; 13(9):315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090315
Chicago/Turabian StyleDurlević, Uroš, Aleksandar Valjarević, Ivan Novković, Filip Vujović, Nemanja Josifov, Jelka Krušić, Blaž Komac, Tatjana Djekić, Sudhir Kumar Singh, Goran Jović, and et al. 2024. "Universal Snow Avalanche Modeling Index Based on SAFI–Flow-R Approach in Poorly-Gauged Regions" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 13, no. 9: 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090315