ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information

1736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial-Spectral Graph Regularized Kernel Sparse Representation for Hyperspectral Image Classification

by Jianjun Liu, Zhiyong Xiao, Yufeng Chen and Jinlong Yang

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080258 - 22 Aug 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4145

This paper presents a spatial-spectral method for hyperspectral image classification in the regularization framework of kernel sparse representation. First, two spatial-spectral constraint terms are appended to the sparse recovery model of kernel sparse representation. The first one is a graph-based spatially-smooth constraint which [...] Read more.

This paper presents a spatial-spectral method for hyperspectral image classification in the regularization framework of kernel sparse representation. First, two spatial-spectral constraint terms are appended to the sparse recovery model of kernel sparse representation. The first one is a graph-based spatially-smooth constraint which is utilized to describe the contextual information of hyperspectral images. The second one is a spatial location constraint, which is exploited to incorporate the prior knowledge of the location information of training pixels. Then, an efficient alternating direction method of multipliers is developed to solve the corresponding minimization problem. At last, the recovered sparse coefficient vectors are used to determine the labels of test pixels. Experimental results carried out on three real hyperspectral images point out the effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article

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2771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Internet-Based GIS Platform Providing Data for Visualization and Spatial Analysis of Urbanization in Major Asian and African Cities

by Hao Gong, Matamyo Simwanda and Yuji Murayama

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080257 - 21 Aug 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8047

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in developing countries has been observed to be relatively high in the last two decades, especially in the Asian and African regions. Although many researchers have made efforts to improve the understanding of the urbanization trends of various cities in Asia [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization in developing countries has been observed to be relatively high in the last two decades, especially in the Asian and African regions. Although many researchers have made efforts to improve the understanding of the urbanization trends of various cities in Asia and Africa, the absence of platforms where local stakeholders can visualize and obtain processed urbanization data for their specific needs or analysis, still remains a gap. In this paper, we present an Internet-based GIS platform called MEGA-WEB. The Platform was developed in view of the urban planning and management challenges in developing countries of Asia and Africa due to the limited availability of data resources, effective tools, and proficiency in data analysis. MEGA-WEB provides online access, visualization, spatial analysis, and data sharing services following a mashup framework of the MEGA-WEB Geo Web Services (GWS), with the third-party map services using HTML5/JavaScript techniques. Through the integration of GIS, remote sensing, geo-modelling, and Internet GIS, several indicators for analyzing urbanization are provided in MEGA-WEB to give diverse perspectives on the urbanization of not only the physical land surface condition, but also the relationships of population, energy use, and the environment. The design, architecture, system functions, and uses of MEGA-WEB are discussed in the paper. The MEGA-WEB project is aimed at contributing to sustainable urban development in developing countries of Asia and Africa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Web and Mobile GIS)

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720 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Spatiotemporal Assessment of Littoral Waterbirds for Establishing Ecological Indicators of Mediterranean Coastal Lagoons

by Pablo Farinós-Celdrán, Francisco Robledano-Aymerich, María Francisca Carreño and Javier Martínez-López

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080256 - 19 Aug 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4728

Abstract

Waterbirds are vital indicators of anthropogenic influence on the ecological status of Mediterranean coastal lagoons. Our study relates temporal waterbird data to key environmental gradients at catchment scale that have a structural or functional influence on littoral waterbird assemblages at different scales. During [...] Read more.

Waterbirds are vital indicators of anthropogenic influence on the ecological status of Mediterranean coastal lagoons. Our study relates temporal waterbird data to key environmental gradients at catchment scale that have a structural or functional influence on littoral waterbird assemblages at different scales. During two full-year cycles and two additional wintering seasons, the nearshore waterbird assemblages of the Mar Menor coastal lagoon (Murcia Region, SE Spain) were monitored monthly. Several biological indicator variables were related to the anthropogenic environmental gradient in the catchment area. Results showed that there was a strong dependence of waterbird assemblages on the distance to shore, emphasizing the importance of the first 100-m band, in which many species relevant to conservation converge on food resources. Well-preserved shoreline tracts therefore had a clear positive effect on community richness and diversity values, and were correlated with the occurrence of some species. These results clearly support the need for effective protection and restoration measures of such littoral habitats. Specific responses to local disturbing processes were nested within habitat and landscape preferences, supporting the value of aquatic birds as integrative ecological signals in semi-enclosed coastal systems. Moreover, waterbird-based indicators responded positively to environmental improvements both qualitatively and quantitatively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Environmental Analysis, Informatics, Planning, Restoration, and Management)

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Graphical abstract

15796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enabling the Use of Sentinel-2 and LiDAR Data for Common Agriculture Policy Funds Assignment

by Jesús Estrada, Héctor Sánchez, Lorena Hernanz, María José Checa and Dumitru Roman

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080255 - 17 Aug 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5829

Abstract

A comprehensive strategy combining remote sensing and field data can be helpful for more effective agriculture management. Satellite data are suitable for monitoring large areas over time, while LiDAR provides specific and accurate data on height and relief. Both types of data can [...] Read more.

A comprehensive strategy combining remote sensing and field data can be helpful for more effective agriculture management. Satellite data are suitable for monitoring large areas over time, while LiDAR provides specific and accurate data on height and relief. Both types of data can be used for calibration and validation purposes, avoiding field visits and saving useful resources. In this paper, we propose a process for objective and automated identification of agricultural parcel features based on processing and combining Sentinel-2 data (to sense different types of irrigation patterns) and LiDAR data (to detect landscape elements). The proposed process was validated in several use cases in Spain, yielding high accuracy rates in the identification of irrigated areas and landscape elements. An important application example of the work reported in this paper is the European Union (EU) Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) funds assignment service, which would significantly benefit from a more objective and automated process for the identification of irrigated areas and landscape elements, thereby enabling the possibility for the EU to save significant amounts of money yearly. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Evolving Spatial Data Infrastructures and the Role of Adaptive Governance

by Jaap-Willem Sjoukema, Arnold Bregt and Joep Crompvoets

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080254 - 16 Aug 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7089

Abstract

Spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) are becoming more mature worldwide. However, despite this growing maturity, longitudinal research on the governance of SDIs is rare. The current research examines the governance history of two SDIs in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium). Both represent decades-long undertakings [...] Read more.

Spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) are becoming more mature worldwide. However, despite this growing maturity, longitudinal research on the governance of SDIs is rare. The current research examines the governance history of two SDIs in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium). Both represent decades-long undertakings to create a large-scale base map. During these processes, SDI governance changed, often quite radically. We analyse written accounts from geo-information industry magazines to determine if the SDI governance of these two base maps can be considered adaptive. We conclude that SDI governance was adaptive, as it changed considerably during the evolution of the two SDIs. However, we also find that most governance models did not hold up very long, as they were either not meeting their goals, were not satisfying all stakeholders or were not in alignment with new visions and ideas. In recent years, the policy instruments governing these base maps became increasingly diverse. In particular, more hierarchical instruments were introduced. Indeed, governance scholars increasingly agree that governance can better respond to changes when a broader mix of policy instruments is applied. Alas, this does not make SDI governance any less complex. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Geo-Information Tools for Governance)

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Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Travel Time Distributions in Urban Road Networks Using Low-Frequency Floating Car Data

by Chaoyang Shi, Bi Yu Chen and Qingquan Li

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080253 - 16 Aug 2017

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6210

Abstract

Travel times in urban road networks are highly stochastic. However, most existing travel time estimation methods only estimate the mean travel times, while ignoring travel time variances. To this end, this paper proposes a robust travel time distribution estimation method to estimate both [...] Read more.

Travel times in urban road networks are highly stochastic. However, most existing travel time estimation methods only estimate the mean travel times, while ignoring travel time variances. To this end, this paper proposes a robust travel time distribution estimation method to estimate both the mean and variance of travel times by using emerging low-frequency floating car data. Different from the existing studies, the path travel time distribution in this study is formulated as the sum of the deterministic link travel times and stochastic turning delays at intersections. Using this formulation, distinct travel time delays for different turning movements at the same intersection can be well captured. In this study, a speed estimation algorithm is developed to estimate the deterministic link travel times, and a distribution estimation algorithm is proposed to estimate the stochastic turning delays. Considering the low sampling rate of the floating car data, a weighted moving average algorithm is further developed for a robust estimation of the path travel time distribution. A real-world case study in Wuhan, China is carried out to validate the applicability of the proposed method. The results of the case study show that the proposed method can obtain a reliable and accurate estimation of path travel time distribution in congested urban road networks. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

A Novel Approach for Publishing Linked Open Geodata from National Registries with the Use of Semantically Annotated Context Dependent Web Pages

by Adam Iwaniak, Marta Leszczuk, Marek Strzelecki, Francis Harvey and Iwona Kaczmarek

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080252 - 15 Aug 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4996

Abstract

Many of the standards used to build spatial data infrastructure (SDI), such as Web Map Service (WMS) or Web Feature Service (WFS), have become outdated. They do not follow current web technology development and do not fully exploit its capabilities. Spatial data often [...] Read more.

Many of the standards used to build spatial data infrastructure (SDI), such as Web Map Service (WMS) or Web Feature Service (WFS), have become outdated. They do not follow current web technology development and do not fully exploit its capabilities. Spatial data often remains available only through application programming interfaces (APIs), reflecting the persistence of organizational silos. The potential of the web for discovering knowledge hidden in data and discoverable through integration and fusion remains very difficult. This article presents a strategy to take advantage of these newer semantic web technologies for SDI. We describe the implementation of a public registry in the age of Web 3.0. Our goal is to convert existing geographic information systems (GIS) data into explicit knowledge that can be easily used for a variety of purposes. This turns SDI into a framework to utilize the many advantages of the web. In this paper we present the working prototype system developed for the province of Mazowieckie in Poland and describes the underlying concepts. Further development of this approach comes from using linked data (LD) with expert systems to support analysis functions and tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Web/Cloud Based Mapping and Geoinformation)

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Graphical abstract

11402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Event-Driven Distributed Information Resource-Focusing Service for Emergency Response in Smart City with Cyber-Physical Infrastructures

by Changjiang Xiao, Nengcheng Chen, Jianya Gong, Wei Wang, Chuanbo Hu and Zeqiang Chen

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080251 - 15 Aug 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6596

Abstract

The smart city has become a popular topic of investigation. How to focus large amounts of distributed information resources to efficiently cope with public emergencies and provide support for personalized decision-making is a vitally important issue in the construction of smart cities. In [...] Read more.

The smart city has become a popular topic of investigation. How to focus large amounts of distributed information resources to efficiently cope with public emergencies and provide support for personalized decision-making is a vitally important issue in the construction of smart cities. In this paper, an event-driven focusing service (EDFS) method that uses cyber-physical infrastructures for emergency response in smart cities is proposed. The method consists of a focusing service model at the top level, an informational representation of the model and a focusing service process to operate the service model in emergency response. The focusing service method follows an event-driven mechanism that allows the focusing service process to be triggered by public emergencies sensed by wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and mobile crowd sensing, and it integrates the requirements of different societal entities with regard to response to emergencies and information resources, thereby providing comprehensive and personalized support for decision-making. Furthermore, an EDFS prototype system is designed and implemented based on the proposed method. An experiment using a real-world scenario—the gas leakage in August 2014 in Taiyuan, China—is presented demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed method for assisting various societal entities in coping with and efficiently responding to public emergencies. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Template Matching and Simplification Method for Building Features Based on Shape Cognition

by Xiongfeng Yan, Tinghua Ai and Xiang Zhang

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080250 - 15 Aug 2017

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8651

Abstract

This study proposes a template matching simplification method from the perspective of shape cognition based on the typical template characteristics of building distributions and representations. The method first formulates a series of templates to abstract the building shape by generalizing their polygons and [...] Read more.

This study proposes a template matching simplification method from the perspective of shape cognition based on the typical template characteristics of building distributions and representations. The method first formulates a series of templates to abstract the building shape by generalizing their polygons and analyzing their symbolic meanings, then conducts the simplification by searching and matching the most similar template that can be used later to replace the original building. On the premise of satisfying the individual geometric accuracy on a smaller scale, the proposed method can enhance the impression of well-known landmarks and reflect the pattern in mapping areas by the symbolic template. The turning function that describes shape by measuring the changes of the tangent-angle as a function of the arc-length is employed to obtain the similar distance between buildings and template polygons, and the least squares model is used to control the geometry matching of the candidate template. Experiments on real datasets are carried out to assess the usefulness of this method and compare it with two existing methods. The experiments suggest that our method can preserve the main structure of building shapes and geometric accuracy. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of Meteorological Factors on Water Demand in the Las Vegas Valley Using Time-Series Analysis: 1990–2014

by Patcha Huntra and Tim C. Keener

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080249 - 14 Aug 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 8580

Abstract

Many factors impact a city’s water consumption, including population distribution, average household income, water prices, water conservation programs, and climate. Of these, however, meteorological effects are considered to be the primary determinants of water consumption. In this study, the effects of climate on [...] Read more.

Many factors impact a city’s water consumption, including population distribution, average household income, water prices, water conservation programs, and climate. Of these, however, meteorological effects are considered to be the primary determinants of water consumption. In this study, the effects of climate on residential water consumption in Las Vegas, Nevada, were examined during the period from 1990 to 2014. The investigations found that climatic variables, including maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, precipitation, diurnal temperature, dew point depression, wind speed, wind direction, and percent of calm wind influenced water use. The multivariate autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMAX) model found that the historical data of water consumption and dew point depression explain the highest percentage of variance (98.88%) in water use when dew point depression is used as an explanatory variable. Our results indicate that the ARIMAX model with dew point depression input, and average temperature, play a significant role in predicting long-term water consumption rates in Las Vegas. The sensitivity analysis results also show that the changes in average temperature impacted water demand three times more than dew point depression. The accuracy performance, specifically the mean average percentage error (MAPE), of the model’s forecasting is found to be about 2–3% from five years out. This study can be adapted and utilized for the long-term forecasting of water demand in other regions. By using one significant climate factor and historical water demand for the forecasting, the ARIMAX model gives a forecast with high accuracy and provides an effective technique for monitoring the effects of climate change on water demand in the area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earth/Community Observations for Climate Change Research)

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4182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Generalized Additive Model Combining Principal Component Analysis for PM_2.5 Concentration Estimation

by Shuang Li, Liang Zhai, Bin Zou, Huiyong Sang and Xin Fang

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080248 - 13 Aug 2017

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6773

Abstract

As an extension of the traditional Land Use Regression (LUR) modelling, the generalized additive model (GAM) was developed in recent years to explore the non-linear relationships between PM_2.5 concentrations and the factors impacting it. However, these studies did not consider the loss [...] Read more.

As an extension of the traditional Land Use Regression (LUR) modelling, the generalized additive model (GAM) was developed in recent years to explore the non-linear relationships between PM_2.5 concentrations and the factors impacting it. However, these studies did not consider the loss of information regarding predictor variables. To address this challenge, a generalized additive model combining principal component analysis (PCA–GAM) was proposed to estimate PM_2.5 concentrations in this study. The reliability of PCA–GAM for estimating PM_2.5 concentrations was tested in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region over a one-year period as a case study. The results showed that PCA–GAM outperforms traditional LUR modelling with relatively higher adjusted R² (0.94) and lower RMSE (4.08 µg/m³). The CV-adjusted R² (0.92) is high and close to the model-adjusted R², proving the robustness of the PCA–GAM model. The PCA–GAM model enhances PM_2.5 estimate accuracy by improving the usage of the effective predictor variables. Therefore, it can be concluded that PCA–GAM is a promising method for air pollution mapping and could be useful for decision makers taking a series of measures to combat air pollution. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

GIS-Based Visibility Network and Defensibility Model to Reconstruct Defensive System of the Han Dynasty in Central Xinjiang, China

by Jianfeng Zhu, Yueping Nie, Huaguang Gao, Fang Liu and Lijun Yu

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080247 - 13 Aug 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5428

Abstract

The Silk Road opened during the Han Dynasty, and is significant in global cultural communication. Along this route in the central part of Xinjiang, the archaeological sites with defensive characteristics once provided a safeguard for this area. Reconstructing the defensive system is an [...] Read more.

The Silk Road opened during the Han Dynasty, and is significant in global cultural communication. Along this route in the central part of Xinjiang, the archaeological sites with defensive characteristics once provided a safeguard for this area. Reconstructing the defensive system is an important way to explore the ancient culture’s propagation and the organizational structure of these sites. In this research, the compound visibility network with complex network analysis (CNA) and the least-cost paths based on the defensibility models from linear and logistic regression methods constitute the principle defensive structure. As possible transportation corridors, these paths are considered to be mostly fitted to each other in general, and are different from normal slope-based paths. The sites Kuhne Shahr and Agra play important roles for information control according to the CNA measures, while the sites Kuhne Shahr and Kuyux Shahr are considered to be crucial cities due to their positions and structural shapes. Some other sites, including Uzgen Bulak, Shah Kalandar, Chuck Castle, Caladar, and Qiuci, as well as some beacons, have important effects on defending the transportation corridors. This method is proven efficient for the study of the historical role of archaeological sites with defensive characteristics. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Spatial Variation Relationship between Floating Population and Residential Burglary: A Case Study from ZG, China

by Jianguo Chen, Lin Liu, Suhong Zhou, Luzi Xiao and Chao Jiang

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080246 - 12 Aug 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8912

Abstract

With the rapid development of China’s economy, the demand for labor in the coastal cities continues to grow. Due to restrictions imposed by China’s household registration system, a large number of floating populations have subsequently appeared. The relationship between floating populations and crime, [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of China’s economy, the demand for labor in the coastal cities continues to grow. Due to restrictions imposed by China’s household registration system, a large number of floating populations have subsequently appeared. The relationship between floating populations and crime, however, is not well understood. This paper investigates the impact of a floating population on residential burglary on a fine spatial scale. The floating population was divided into the floating population from other provinces (FPFOP) and the floating population from the same province as ZG city (FPFSP), because of the high heterogeneity. Univariate spatial patterns in residential burglary and the floating population in ZG were explored using Moran’s I and LISA (local indicators of spatial association) models. Furthermore, a geographically weighted Poisson regression model, which addressed the spatial effects in the data, was employed to explore the relationship between the floating population and residential burglary. The results revealed that the impact of the floating population on residential burglary is complex. The floating population from the same province did not have a significant impact on residential burglary in most parts of the city, while the floating population from other provinces had a significantly positive impact on residential burglary in most of the study areas and the magnitude of this impact varied across the study area. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

High-Resolution Remote Sensing Data Classification over Urban Areas Using Random Forest Ensemble and Fully Connected Conditional Random Field

by Xiaofeng Sun, Xiangguo Lin, Shuhan Shen and Zhanyi Hu

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080245 - 10 Aug 2017

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 9805

Abstract

As an intermediate step between raw remote sensing data and digital maps, remote sensing data classification has been a challenging and long-standing problem in the remote sensing research community. In this work, an automated and effective supervised classification framework is presented for classifying [...] Read more.

As an intermediate step between raw remote sensing data and digital maps, remote sensing data classification has been a challenging and long-standing problem in the remote sensing research community. In this work, an automated and effective supervised classification framework is presented for classifying high-resolution remote sensing data. Specifically, the presented method proceeds in three main stages: feature extraction, classification, and classified result refinement. In the feature extraction stage, both multispectral images and 3D geometry data are used, which utilizes the complementary information from multisource data. In the classification stage, to tackle the problems associated with too many training samples and take full advantage of the information in the large-scale dataset, a random forest (RF) ensemble learning strategy is proposed by combining several RF classifiers together. Finally, an improved fully connected conditional random field (FCCRF) graph model is employed to derive the contextual information to refine the classification results. Experiments on the ISPRS Semantic Labeling Contest dataset show that the presented 3-stage method achieves 86.9% overall accuracy, which is a new state-of-the-art non-CNN (convolutional neural networks)-based classification method. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Wicked Water Points: The Quest for an Error Free National Water Point Database

by Jeroen Verplanke and Yola Georgiadou

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080244 - 8 Aug 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5486

Abstract

The Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP) of Tanzania aims to improve the performance of the water sector in general and rural water supply (RWS) in particular. During the first phase of the WSDP (2007 to 2014), implementing agencies developed information systems for attaining [...] Read more.

The Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP) of Tanzania aims to improve the performance of the water sector in general and rural water supply (RWS) in particular. During the first phase of the WSDP (2007 to 2014), implementing agencies developed information systems for attaining management efficiencies. One of these systems, the Water Point Mapping System (WPMS), has now been completed, and the database is openly available to the public, as part of the country’s commitment to the Open Government Partnership (OGP) initiative. The Tanzanian WPMS project was the first attempt to map “wall-to-wall” all rural public water points in an African nation. The complexity of the endeavor led to suboptimal results in the quality of the WPMS database, the baseline of the WPMS. The WPMS database was a means for the future monitoring of all rural water points, but its construction has become an end in itself. We trace the challenges of water point mapping in Tanzania and describe how the WPMS database was initially populated and to what effect. The paper conceptualizes errors found in the WPMS database as material, observational, conceptual and discursive, and characterizes them in terms of type, suspected origin and mitigation options. The discussion focuses on the consequences of open data scrutiny for the integrity of the WPMS database and the implications for monitoring wicked water point data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Geo-Information Tools for Governance)

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Open AccessCommunication

Nationwide Point Cloud—The Future Topographic Core Data

by Juho-Pekka Virtanen, Antero Kukko, Harri Kaartinen, Anttoni Jaakkola, Tuomas Turppa, Hannu Hyyppä and Juha Hyyppä

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080243 - 8 Aug 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8306

Abstract

Topographic databases maintained by national mapping agencies are currently the most common nationwide data sets in geo-information. The application of laser scanning as source data for surveying is increasing. Along with this development, several analysis methods that utilize dense point clouds have been [...] Read more.

Topographic databases maintained by national mapping agencies are currently the most common nationwide data sets in geo-information. The application of laser scanning as source data for surveying is increasing. Along with this development, several analysis methods that utilize dense point clouds have been introduced. We present the concept of producing a dense nationwide point cloud, produced from multiple sensors and containing multispectral information, as the national core data for geo-information. Geo-information products, such as digital terrain and elevation models and 3D building models, are produced automatically from these data. We outline the data acquisition, processing, and application of the point cloud. As a national data set, a dense multispectral point cloud could produce significant cost savings via improved automation in mapping and a reduction of overlapping surveying efforts. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Continuous Scale Transformations of Linear Features Using Simulated Annealing-Based Morphing

by Jingzhong Li, Tinghua Ai, Pengcheng Liu and Min Yang

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080242 - 7 Aug 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3654

Abstract

This paper presents a new method for use in performing continuous scale transformations of linear features using Simulated Annealing-Based Morphing (SABM). This study addresses two key problems in the continuous generalization of linear features by morphing, specifically the detection of characteristic points and [...] Read more.

This paper presents a new method for use in performing continuous scale transformations of linear features using Simulated Annealing-Based Morphing (SABM). This study addresses two key problems in the continuous generalization of linear features by morphing, specifically the detection of characteristic points and correspondence matching. First, an algorithm that performs robust detection of characteristic points is developed that is based on the Constrained Delaunay Triangulation (CDT) model. Then, an optimal problem is defined and solved to associate the characteristic points between a coarser representation and a finer representation. The algorithm decomposes the input shapes into several pairs of corresponding segments and uses the simulated annealing algorithm to find the optimal matching. Simple straight-line trajectories are used to define the movements between corresponding points. The experimental results show that the SABM method can be used for continuous generalization and generates smooth, natural and visually pleasing linear features with gradient effects. In contrast to linear interpolation, the SABM method uses the simulated annealing technique to optimize the correspondence between characteristic points. Moreover, it avoids interior distortions within intermediate shapes and preserves the geographical characteristics of the input shapes. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

The IMU/UWB Fusion Positioning Algorithm Based on a Particle Filter

by Yan Wang and Xin Li

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080235 - 7 Aug 2017

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 7786

Abstract

This paper integrates UWB (ultra-wideband) and IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) data to realize pedestrian positioning through a particle filter in a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environment. After the acceleration and angular velocity are integrated by the ZUPT-based algorithm, the velocity and orientation of the feet [...] Read more.

This paper integrates UWB (ultra-wideband) and IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) data to realize pedestrian positioning through a particle filter in a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environment. After the acceleration and angular velocity are integrated by the ZUPT-based algorithm, the velocity and orientation of the feet are obtained, and then the velocity and orientation of the whole body are estimated by a virtual odometer method. This information will be adopted as the prior information for the particle filter, and the observation value of UWB will act as the basis for weight updating. According to experimental results, the prior information provided by an IMU can be used to restrain the observation error of UWB under an NLOS condition, and the positioning precision can be improved from the positioning error of 1.6 m obtained using the pure UWB-based algorithm to approximately 0.7 m. Moreover, with high computational efficiency, this algorithm can achieve real-time computing performance on ordinary embedded devices. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

A Triangular Prism Spatial Interpolation Method for Mapping Geological Property Fields

by Yang Cui, Qingquan Li, Qingyuan Li, Jiasong Zhu, Chisheng Wang, Kai Ding, Dan Wang and Bisheng Yang

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080241 - 6 Aug 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8117

Abstract

Abstract: The spatial interpolation of property fields in 3D, such as the temperature, salinity, and organic content of ocean water, is an active area of research in the applied geosciences. Conventional interpolation methods have not adequately addressed anisotropy in these data. Thus, [...] Read more.

Abstract: The spatial interpolation of property fields in 3D, such as the temperature, salinity, and organic content of ocean water, is an active area of research in the applied geosciences. Conventional interpolation methods have not adequately addressed anisotropy in these data. Thus, in our research we considered two interpolation methods based on a triangular prism volume element, as a triangular prism structure best represents directivity, to express the anisotropy inherent in geological property fields. A linear triangular prism interpolation is proposed for layered stratum that achieves a complete continuity based on the volume coordinates of the triangular prism. A triangular prism quadric interpolation (a unit function of a triangular prism spline with 15 nodes) is designed for a smooth transition between adjacent triangular prisms with approximately continuity, expressing the continuity of the entire model. We designed a specific model which accounts for the different spatial correlations in three dimensions. We evaluated the accuracy of our proposed linear and triangular prism quadric interpolation methods with traditional inverse distance weighting (IDW) and kriging interpolation approaches in comparative experiments. The results show that, in 3D geological modeling, the linear and quadric triangular prism interpolations more accurately represent the changes in the property values of the layered strata than the IDW and kriging interpolation methods. Furthermore, the triangular prism quadric interpolation algorithm with 15 nodes outperforms the other methods. This study of triangular prism interpolation algorithms has implications for the expression of data fields with 3D properties. Moreover, our novel approach will contribute to spatial attribute prediction and representation and is applicable to all 3D geographic information; for example, in studies of atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, water temperature, salinity, and three-dimensional pollutant diffusion. Full article

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7269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hierarchical Approach for Measuring the Consistency of Water Areas between Multiple Representations of Tile Maps with Different Scales

by Yilang Shen and Tinghua Ai

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080240 - 6 Aug 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5059

Abstract

In geographic information systems, the reliability of querying, analysing, or reasoning results depends on the data quality. One central criterion of data quality is consistency, and identifying inconsistencies is crucial for maintaining the integrity of spatial data from multiple sources or at multiple [...] Read more.

In geographic information systems, the reliability of querying, analysing, or reasoning results depends on the data quality. One central criterion of data quality is consistency, and identifying inconsistencies is crucial for maintaining the integrity of spatial data from multiple sources or at multiple resolutions. In traditional methods of consistency assessment, vector data are used as the primary experimental data. In this manuscript, we describe the use of a new type of raster data, tile maps, to access the consistency of information from multiscale representations of the water bodies that make up drainage systems. We describe a hierarchical methodology to determine the spatial consistency of tile-map datasets that display water areas in a raster format. Three characteristic indices, the degree of global feature consistency, the degree of local feature consistency, and the degree of overlap, are proposed to measure the consistency of multiscale representations of water areas. The perceptual hash algorithm and the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) descriptor are applied to extract and measure the global and local features of water areas. By performing combined calculations using these three characteristic indices, the degrees of consistency of multiscale representations of water areas can be divided into five grades: exactly consistent, highly consistent, moderately consistent, less consistent, and inconsistent. For evaluation purposes, the proposed method is applied to several test areas from the Tiandi map of China. In addition, we identify key technologies that are related to the process of extracting water areas from a tile map. The accuracy of the consistency assessment method is evaluated, and our experimental results confirm that the proposed methodology is efficient and accurate. Full article

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3103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Farm Level Assessment of Irrigation Performance for Dairy Pastures in the Goulburn-Murray District of Australia by Combining Satellite-Based Measures with Weather and Water Delivery Information

by Mohammad Abuzar, Des Whitfield and Andy McAllister

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080239 - 6 Aug 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4770

Abstract

Pasture performance of 924 dairy farms in a major irrigation district of Australia was investigated for their water use and water productivity during the 2015-2016 summer which was the peak irrigation period. Using satellite images from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2, estimates of crop coefficient [...] Read more.

Pasture performance of 924 dairy farms in a major irrigation district of Australia was investigated for their water use and water productivity during the 2015-2016 summer which was the peak irrigation period. Using satellite images from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2, estimates of crop coefficient (Kc) were determined on the basis of a strong linear relationship between crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and vegetation index (NDVI) of pasture in the region. Utilizing estimates of Kc and crop water requirement (CWR), NDVI-dependent estimates of Irrigation Water Requirement (IWR) were derived based on the soil water balance model. In combination with daily weather information and seasonal irrigation water supply records, IWR was the key component in the understanding of current irrigation status at farm level, and deriving two irrigation performance indicators: (1) Relative Irrigation Water Use (RIWU) and (2) Total Irrigation Water Productivity (TIWP). A slightly higher proportion of farm irrigators were found to be either matching the irrigation requirement or under-watering (RIWU ≤ 1.0). According to TIWP, a few dairy farms (3%) were found to be in the category of high yield potential with excess water use, and very few (1%) in the category of limited water supply to pastures of high yield potential. A relatively high number of farms were found to be in the category where excess water was supplied to pastures of low-medium yield potential (27%), and farms where water supply compromised pastures with a sub-maximal vegetation status (15%). The results of this study will assist in objectively identifying where significant improvement in efficient irrigation water use can be achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in GIS and Remote Sensing for Sustainable Agriculture)

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1799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture through Geospatial (Big) Data Processing

by Tomáš Řezník, Vojtěch Lukas, Karel Charvát, Karel Charvát, Zbyněk Křivánek, Michal Kepka, Lukáš Herman and Helena Řezníková

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080238 - 6 Aug 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7974

Abstract

Intensive farming on land represents an increased burden on the environment due to, among other reasons, the usage of agrochemicals. Precision farming can reduce the environmental burden by employing site specific crop management practices which implement advanced geospatial technologies for respecting soil heterogeneity. [...] Read more.

Intensive farming on land represents an increased burden on the environment due to, among other reasons, the usage of agrochemicals. Precision farming can reduce the environmental burden by employing site specific crop management practices which implement advanced geospatial technologies for respecting soil heterogeneity. The objectives of this paper are to present the frontier approaches of geospatial (Big) data processing based on satellite and sensor data which both aim at the prevention and mitigation phases of disaster risk reduction in agriculture. Three techniques are presented in order to demonstrate the possibilities of geospatial (Big) data collection in agriculture: (1) farm machinery telemetry for providing data about machinery operations on fields through the developed MapLogAgri application; (2) agrometeorological observation in the form of a wireless sensor network together with the SensLog solution for storing, analysing, and publishing sensor data; and (3) remote sensing for monitoring field spatial variability and crop status by means of freely-available high resolution satellite imagery. The benefits of re-using the techniques in disaster risk reduction processes are discussed. The conducted tests demonstrated the transferability of agricultural techniques to crisis/emergency management domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction: Big Data Concepts for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR))

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1759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Centrality as a Method for the Evaluation of Semantic Resources for Disaster Risk Reduction

by Otakar Čerba, Karel Jedlička, Václav Čada and Karel Charvát

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080237 - 6 Aug 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4628

Abstract

Clear and straightforward communication is a key aspect of all human activities related to crisis management. Since crisis management activities involve professionals from various disciplines using different terminology, clear and straightforward communication is difficult to achieve. Semantics as a broad science can help [...] Read more.

Clear and straightforward communication is a key aspect of all human activities related to crisis management. Since crisis management activities involve professionals from various disciplines using different terminology, clear and straightforward communication is difficult to achieve. Semantics as a broad science can help to overcome communication difficulties. This research focuses on the evaluation of available semantic resources including ontologies, thesauri, and controlled vocabularies for disaster risk reduction as part of crisis management. The main idea of the study is that the most appropriate source of broadly understandable terminology is such a semantic resource, which is accepted by—or at least connected to the majority of other resources. Important is not only the number of interconnected resources, but also the concrete position of the resource in the complex network of Linked Data resources. Although this is usually done by user experience, objective methods of resource semantic centrality can be applied. This can be described by centrality methods used mainly in graph theory. This article describes the calculation of four types of centrality methods (Outdegree, Indegree, Closeness, and Betweenness) applied to 160 geographic concepts published as Linked Data and related to disaster risk reduction. Centralities were calculated for graph structures containing particular semantic resources as nodes and identity links as edges. The results show that (with some discussed exceptions) the datasets with high values of centrality serve as important information resources, but they also include more concepts from preselected 160 geographic concepts. Therefore, they could be considered as the most suitable resources of terminology to make communication in the domain easier. The main research goal is to automate the semantic resources evaluation and to apply a well-known theoretical method (centrality) to the semantic issues of Linked Data. It is necessary to mention the limits of this study: the number of tested concepts and the fact that centralities represents just one view on evaluation of semantic resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction: Big Data Concepts for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR))

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2417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Characteristics of Twitter Users—Toward the Understanding of Geosocial Media Production

by Michal Rzeszewski and Lukasz Beluch

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080236 - 5 Aug 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4754

Abstract

Social media is a rich source of spatial data but it has also many flaws and well-known limitations, especially in regard to representation and representativeness, since very little is known about the demographics of the user population. At the same time, the use [...] Read more.

Social media is a rich source of spatial data but it has also many flaws and well-known limitations, especially in regard to representation and representativeness, since very little is known about the demographics of the user population. At the same time, the use of locational services, is in fact, dependent on those characteristics. We address this gap in knowledge by exploring divides between Twitter users, based on the spatial and temporal distribution of the content they produce. We chose five cities and data from 2015 to represent different socio-spatial contexts. Users were classified according to spatial and non-spatial measures: home range estimation; standard distance; nearest neighbor index, and; proposed localness index. There are distinct groups of geosocial media producers, which suggests that such datasets cannot be treated as uniform representations. We found a positive correlation between spatial behavior and posting activity. It is suggested that there are universal patterns of behavior that are conditioned by software services—the example of Foucauldian “technologies of self”. They can also represent the dominance of the most prolific users over the whole data stream. Results are discussed in the context of the importance and role of user location in social media. Full article

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11899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of 3D Displacements of Drainage Networks Extracted from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) Using Linear-Based Methods

by Antonio Tomás Mozas-Calvache, Manuel Antonio Ureña-Cámara and Francisco Javier Ariza-López

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080234 - 4 Aug 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4118

Abstract

This study describes a new method developed to determine the 3D positional displacements of the drainage networks extracted from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). The proposed method establishes several stages for data preparation. The displacements are derived by means of linestring-based assessment methods, which [...] Read more.

This study describes a new method developed to determine the 3D positional displacements of the drainage networks extracted from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). The proposed method establishes several stages for data preparation. The displacements are derived by means of linestring-based assessment methods, which can be applied in 2D and 3D. Also, we propose the use of several tools (maps, aggregation of results, new indices, etc.) in order to obtain a wider assessment of positional accuracy, or a time change analysis. This approach supposes a novelty in drainage network studies both in the application of line-based methods and its expansion to 3D data. The method has been tested using a sample of channels extracted from DEMs of two different dates of a zone of about 600 square kilometers using as reference linestrings those extracted from another more recent DEM which had higher spatial accuracy and higher spatial resolution. The results have demonstrated the viability of the method proposed because of the obtaining of 3D displacement vectors, which showed the general and particular behavior of the channels selected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Information Science and Spatial Analysis in Water Resources)

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568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Wi-Fi Model Optimizations for Smartphone-Based Indoor Localization

by Frank Ebner, Toni Fetzer, Frank Deinzer and Marcin Grzegorzek

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080233 - 4 Aug 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5381

Abstract

Indoor localization and indoor pedestrian navigation is an active field of research with increasing attention. As of today, many systems will run on commercial smartphones, but most of them still rely on fingerprinting, which demands high setup and maintenance times. Alternatives, such as [...] Read more.

Indoor localization and indoor pedestrian navigation is an active field of research with increasing attention. As of today, many systems will run on commercial smartphones, but most of them still rely on fingerprinting, which demands high setup and maintenance times. Alternatives, such as simple signal strength prediction models, provide fast setup times, but often do not provide the accuracy required for use cases like indoor navigation or location-based services. While more complex models provide an increased accuracy by including architectural knowledge about walls and other obstacles, they often require additional computation during runtime and demand prior knowledge during setup. Within this work, we will thus focus on simple, easy to set up models and evaluate their performance compared to real-world measurements. The evaluation ranges from a fully-empiric, instant setup, given that the transmitter locations are well known, to a highly optimized scenario based on some reference measurements within the building. Furthermore, we will propose a new signal strength prediction model as a combination of several simple ones. This tradeoff increases accuracy with only minor additional computations. All of the optimized models are evaluated within an actual smartphone-based indoor localization system. This system uses the phone’s Wi-Fi, barometer and IMU to infer the pedestrian’s current location via recursive density estimation based on particle filtering. We will show that while a 100% empiric parameter choice for the model already provides enough accuracy for many use cases, a small number of reference measurements is enough to dramatically increase such a system’s performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Indoor Modelling and Navigation)

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8170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extrusion Approach Based on Non-Overlapping Footprints (EABNOF) for the Construction of Geometric Models and Topologies in 3D Cadasters

by Yuan Ding, Nan Jiang, Zhaoyuan Yu, Binqing Ma, Ge Shi and Changbin Wu

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080232 - 3 Aug 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4862

Abstract

Extrusion is widely used to construct models in 3D cadasters. However, the basic extrusion approach only supports relatively simple conditions, and a 3D cadastral data model that supports extruded 3D models that are associated with their corresponding footprints is not available. In this [...] Read more.

Extrusion is widely used to construct models in 3D cadasters. However, the basic extrusion approach only supports relatively simple conditions, and a 3D cadastral data model that supports extruded 3D models that are associated with their corresponding footprints is not available. In this paper, we present a new extrusion approach based on non-overlapping footprints (EABNOF) that supports relatively complex 3D situations. In EABNOF, overlaps between overlapping footprints of the input data are removed, which also involves splitting extrusion intervals and handling the associated cadastral objects of footprints. The newly generated non-overlapping footprints are extruded to generate primitives. To construct geometric models and topologies for cadastral objects, three judgment criteria are proposed to identify and remove redundancies from these primitives, and then primitives of the same 3D spatial unit or topological feature are merged. Considering the feasibility of using EABNOF for current cadastral data, we design a data model that associates 3D cadastral data with the footprints of 2D cadasters. We examine two types of structures on Pozi Street to verify EABNOF: a building complex and property objects. The results demonstrate that EABNOF can construct geometric models and topologies in 3D cadasters. EABNOF is based on the footprints of 2D cadastral data, and thus is particularly suited to areas with 2D cadastral data to establish 3D cadasters with low costs. Full article

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7735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Research of Visual Interpretation of Aerial Images and Topographic Maps for Unskilled Users: Searching for Objects Important for Decision-Making in Crisis Situations

by Hana Svatonova and Jaromir Kolejka

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080231 - 27 Jul 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4810

Abstract

The article presents the results of research focused on the speed and success rate of reading aerial images and topographic maps showing the same territory in the Czech Republic. Attention was focused on searching for objects of importance in terms of disaster management [...] Read more.

The article presents the results of research focused on the speed and success rate of reading aerial images and topographic maps showing the same territory in the Czech Republic. Attention was focused on searching for objects of importance in terms of disaster management (railway and road bridges, road, watercourse, railway station, airport). The success rate was electronically evaluated by the Hypothesis software as a whole for the image, and the map was created for all respondents and for selected groups of respondents. The results showed that, with the exception of watercourse identification, other strategic objects are found faster and more reliably on color aerial images. No differences in speed and success of interpretation were found between men and women, laymen and experts. Soldiers and crisis management personnel were faster than laymen, but they were equally successful. Color aerial images or color aerial orthophotomaps have thus proved to be a key source of data for effective decision-making on a territory where a crisis event is taking place and where the deployment of a crisis unit is a need. Full article

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7041 KiB

Open AccessReview

Analysis and Applications of GlobeLand30: A Review

by Jun Chen, Xin Cao, Shu Peng and Huiru Ren

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080230 - 27 Jul 2017

Cited by 168 | Viewed by 11380

Abstract

Abstract: GlobeLand30, donated to the United Nations by China in September 2014, is the first wall-to-wall 30 m global land cover (GLC) data product. GlobeLand30 is widely used by scientists and users around the world. This paper provides a review of the [...] Read more.

Abstract: GlobeLand30, donated to the United Nations by China in September 2014, is the first wall-to-wall 30 m global land cover (GLC) data product. GlobeLand30 is widely used by scientists and users around the world. This paper provides a review of the analysis and applications of GlobeLand30 based on its data-downloading statistics and published studies. An average accuracy of 80% for full classes or one single class is achieved by third-party researchers from more than 10 countries through sample-based validation or comparison with existing data. GlobeLand30 has users from more than 120 countries on five continents, and from all five Social Benefit Areas. The significance of GlobeLand30 is demonstrated by a number of published papers dealing with land-cover status and change analysis, cause-and-consequence analysis, and the environmental parameterization of Earth system models. Accordingly, scientific data sharing in the field of geosciences and Earth observation is promoted, and fine-resolution GLC mapping and applications worldwide are stimulated. The future development of GlobeLand30, including comprehensive validation, continuous updating, and monitoring of sustainable development goals, is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Applications of Global Land Cover Data)

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15759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What do New Yorkers Think about Impacts and Adaptation to Heat Waves? An Evaluation Tool to Incorporate Perception of Low-Income Groups into Heat Wave Adaptation Scenarios in New York City

by Sadra Matmir, Diana Reckien and Johannes Flacke

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6(8), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080229 - 27 Jul 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6548

Abstract

Low-income residents are among the most vulnerable groups to climate change in urban areas, particularly regarding heat stress. However, their perceptions about heat and the impacts they face go often undocumented, and are seldom considered in decision-making processes delivering adaptation. This paper presents [...] Read more.

Low-income residents are among the most vulnerable groups to climate change in urban areas, particularly regarding heat stress. However, their perceptions about heat and the impacts they face go often undocumented, and are seldom considered in decision-making processes delivering adaptation. This paper presents a robust tool to allow the integration of perception, concerns and impacts of different income groups in urban adaptation planning and governance, using the City of New York as a case study. Employing online interviews—a solid method to reach poorer households—and Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping, we compare impacts and adaptation perception to heat and simulate adaptation scenarios. Results reveal that lower income groups are more concerned about impacts of heat waves than middle- and high-income populations. All income groups see citizens more in charge of adaptation, although more people from the lower income groups regard it necessary to do much more to protect themselves, proportionately more people from the higher income groups think they are doing the right amount. The scenario analysis shows that, compared to investments in the water/electricity and health system, improvements in the transit system would yield the largest decrease in negative impacts during heat, benefitting all income groups jointly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Geo-Information Tools for Governance)

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ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., Volume 6, Issue 8 (August 2017) – 30 articles

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