A Study of Phytochemistry, Genoprotective Activity, and Antitumor Effects of Extracts of the Selected Lamiaceae Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Phytochemical Characterization
2.2. Antioxidant Activity In Vitro
2.3. Genoprotective Activity in Acellular System
2.4. Protective Effect of the Extracts against Hydrogen-Peroxide-Induced DNA Damage in the Prokaryotic Model
2.5. Protective Effect of the Extracts against Hydrogen-Peroxide-Induced DNA Damage in the Eukaryotic Model
2.5.1. Determination of Cell Proliferation/Metabolic Viability
2.5.2. Comet Assay
2.6. Antitumor Potential of the Extracts
2.6.1. Determination of Antiproliferative/Cytotoxic Effect on Tumor Cells
2.6.2. Determination of ROS-Modulating Activity in Tumor Cells
2.6.3. Determination of NO-Modulating Activity in Tumor Cells
2.6.4. Comet Assay
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Reagents
3.2. Plant Material
3.3. Determination of Polyphenolic Components
3.4. HPLC-DAD Quantification of Polyphenols
3.5. Evaluation of DPPH-Scavenging Activity
3.6. Genoprotective Activity in Acellular System
3.7. Protective Effect of the Extracts against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced DNA Damage in the Prokaryotic Model
3.8. The Effects of Extracts on Normal and Tumor Cell Lines
3.8.1. Cell Culture
3.8.2. Determination of Cell Proliferation/Metabolic Viability (MTT Assay)
3.8.3. Comet Assay
3.8.4. Determination of Superoxide Anion Radical (NBT Assay)
3.8.5. Determination of the Levels of Nitrites in Supernatants (Griess Assay)
3.9. Statistical Analyses
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Content of Polyphenolic Compounds | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Extract | TPC (mg GAE/g) | PAC (mg CAE/g) | TFC (mg QE/g) | FC (mg QE/g) |
Mo | Methanolic | 79.40 ± 3.78 b | 58.26 ± 8.34 c | 11.25 ± 1.13 c | 0.90 ± 0.29 |
Ethanolic | 70.30 ± 1.52 a | 67.89 ± 1.92 c | 10.13 ± 0.43 c | 0.96 ± 0.23 | |
Aqueous | 74.22 ± 1.39 | 40.48 ± 2.31 ab | 5.97 ± 0.22 ab | 1.30 ± 0.55 | |
Mp | Methanolic | 77.12 ± 4.11 | 51.59 ± 2.80 c | 32.00 ± 0.44 c | 11.09 ± 0.20 c |
Ethanolic | 70.79 ± 2.10 | 54.56 ± 2.94 c | 30.85 ± 0.35 c | 11.34 ± 0.26 c | |
Aqueous | 76.27 ± 2.64 | 16.41 ± 1.70 ab | 21.31 ± 0.34 ab | 5.33 ± 0.21 ab | |
Ob | Methanolic | 19.71 ± 0.40 b | 12.70 ± 7.40 c | 8.58 ± 0.35 b | 0.96 ± 0.47 b |
Ethanolic | 29.14 ± 0.37 a | 19.00 ± 3.33 c | 10.28 ± 0.33 a | 2.67 ± 0.21 ac | |
Aqueous | 24.28 ± 0.17 | nd ab | 8.76 ± 0.57 | 0.55 ± 0.54 b | |
Ro | Methanolic | 57.32 ± 0.54 c | 68.63 ± 8.34 bc | 18.52 ± 1.15 bc | 3.75 ± 0.13 bc |
Ethanolic | 54.09 ± 2.33 c | 33.07 ± 1.70 a | 12.09 ± 0.28 ac | 2.50 ± 0.06 ac | |
Aqueous | 76.37 ± 0.74 ab | 33.44 ± 4.44 a | 14.82 ± 0.38 ab | 5.77 ± 0.43 ab | |
So | Methanolic | 70.79 ± 2.16 c | 46.78 ± 6.19 | 26.93 ± 0.67 ac | 8.84 ± 0.39 b |
Ethanolic | 69.26 ± 5.77 c | 50.11 ± 10.94 c | 19.95 ± 0.05 a | 6.91 ± 0.20 ac | |
Aqueous | 44.63 ± 0.64 ab | 30.85 ± 2.31 b | 20.50 ± 0.14 a | 8.01 ± 0.30 b | |
Sm | Methanolic | 55.17 ± 1.87 bc | 64.56 ± 3.33 bc | 10.47 ± 0.53 bc | 4.39 ± 0.27 c |
Ethanolic | 66.52 ± 1.21 a | 44.93 ± 3.57 a | 12.30 ± 0.22 a | 4.06 ± 0.31 c | |
Aqueous | 63.49 ± 1.57 a | 35.30 ± 7.23 a | 12.46 ± 0.24 a | 6.62 ± 0.29 ab |
Spices | Extract | Rosmarinic Acid | Caffeic Acid | Chlorogenic Acid | Quercetin | Rutin | Naringin | Luteolin-7-O-glucoside |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mo | Methanolic | 86.76 ± 4.69 bc | 1.33 ± 0.08 | 0.23 ± 0.01 b | 12.43 ± 0.48 c | 1.64 ± 0.05 bc | 3.36 ± 0.13 bc | 2.55 ± 0.15 |
Ethanolic | 61.77 ± 3.58 ac | 2.54 ± 0.10 | 1.11 ± 0.04 ac | 11.56 ± 0.59 c | 3.38 ± 0.15 a | 2.94 ± 0.11 ac | 1.34 ± 0.10 | |
Aqueous | 52.32 ± 3.18 ab | 2.87 ± 0.14 | 0.60 ± 0.01 b | 7.75 ± 0.35 ab | 3.40 ± 0.18 a | 1.44 ± 0.07 ba | 1.64 ± 0.08 | |
Mp | Methanolic | 63.30 ± 3.21 bc | tr | 0.35 ± 0.01 c | 2.94 ± 0.17 c | tr bc | 2.42 ± 0.09 b | 5.07 ± 0.28 |
Ethanolic | 3.81 ± 1.15 ac | tr | 0.22 ± 0.01 c | 3.36 ± 0.15 c | 0.56 ± 0.29 ac | 1.20 ± 0.05 ac | 5.09 ± 0.29 | |
Aqueous | 84.45 ± 4.15 ab | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 1.09 ± 0.05 ab | 11.05 ± 0.42 ab | 6.40 ± 0.31 ab | 2.41 ± 0.10 b | 4.41 ± 0.18 | |
Ob | Methanolic | 13.85 ± 0.42 c | 1.33 ± 0.03 | 0.83 ± 0.01 c | 3.03 ± 0.05 c | 2.70 ± 0.08 c | 3.26 ± 0.09 c | 1.25 ± 0.02 |
Ethanolic | 12.02 ± 0.28 c | tr | 0.62 ± 0.01 c | 2.62 ± 0.09 | 3.09 ± 0.10 c | 3.15 ± 0.18 c | 0.99 ± 0.01 | |
Aqueous | 4.36 ± 0.11 ab | 0.78 ± 0.02 | tr ab | 2.19 ± 0.07 a | 1.97 ± 0.05 ab | 1.83 ± 0.13 ab | 1.11 ± 0.02 | |
Ro | Methanolic | 63.48 ± 3.87 bc | 2.14 ± 0.09 b | 4.75 ± 0.27 bc | trb | 10.04 ± 0.58 b | 1.08 ± 0.05 | 8.04 ± 0.46 |
Ethanolic | 49.44 ± 2.90 a | 0.08 ± 0.00 ac | 0.06 ± 0.00 ac | 1.95 ± 0.05 ac | 8.09 ± 0.32 ac | 0.92 ± 0.03 | 8.46 ± 0.42 c | |
Aqueous | 45.87 ± 2.64 a | 2.40 ± 0.11 b | 2.61 ± 0.13 ab | trb | 10.84 ± 0.48 b | 1.10 ± 0.03 | 7.02 ± 0.31 b | |
So | Methanolic | 55.62 ± 2.52 bc | 1.97 ± 0.06 c | 0.17 ± 0.00 bc | 3.28 ± 0.23 b | 8.82 ± 0.31 bc | 12.83 ± 0.56 bc | 22.82 ± 1.05 bc |
Ethanolic | 42.35 ± 2.66 ac | 2.38 ± 0.09 c | 0.60 ± 0.02 ac | 2.35 ± 0.10 a | tr a | 9.88 ± 0.38 a | 18.65 ± 0.53 ac | |
Aqueous | 29.01 ± 1.13 ab | 3.47 ± 0.13 ab | 1.39 ± 0.06 ab | 2.58 ± 0.11 | tr a | 9.84 ± 0.41 a | 16.97 ± 0.69 ab | |
Sm | Methanolic | 51.96 ± 2.41 bc | 1.61 ± 0.05 bc | tr bc | 3.37 ± 0.14 bc | 1.65 ± 0.07 bc | 1.62 ± 0.09 | 5.18 ± 0.19 bc |
Ethanolic | 39.60 ± 1.78 ac | 2.79 ± 0.09 ac | 0.79 ± 0.03 a | 2.03 ± 0.10 a | tra | 1.48 ± 0.06 | 6.97 ± 0.32 a | |
Aqueous | 13.44 ± 0.62 ab | 4.02 ± 0.19 ab | 0.66 ± 0.02 a | 2.22 ± 0.08 a | tra | 1.54 ± 0.40 | 7.00 ± 0.38 a |
TPC | PAC | TFC | FC | RA | CA | ChA | Q | RUT | NAR | L-G | DPPH | PRA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPC | 1 | 0.90 c | 0.78 c | 0.69 c | 0.68 c | 0.22 a | −0.06 a | 0.47 b | 0.28 a | 0.00 a | 0.21 a | 0.89 c | −0.58 b |
PAC | 1 | 0.65 b | 0.56 b | 0.60 b | 0.01 a | −0.04 a | 0.48 b | 0.06 a | −0.16 a | 0.04 a | 0.79 c | −0.33 a | |
TFC | 1 | 0.93 c | 0.15 a | 0.11 a | 0.02 a | −0.22 a | 0.33 a | 0.40 b | 0.59 b | 0.75 c | −0.38 b | ||
FC | 1 | −0.08 a | 0.46 b | −0.09 a | −0.33 a | 0.15 a | 0.26 a | 0.47 b | 0.65 b | −0.38 b | |||
RA | 1 | −0.26 a | 0.16 a | 0.70 c | 0.37 b | 0.05 a | 0.08 a | 0.46 b | −0.34 a | ||||
CA | 1 | 0.15 a | −0.15 a | 0.10 a | 0.21 a | 0.26 a | 0.58 b | −0.37 b | |||||
ChA | 1 | 0.20 a | 0.59 b | −0.21 a | −0.01 a | −0.02 a | −0.19 a | ||||||
Q | 1 | −0.07 a | −0.14 a | −0.36 a | 0.25 a | −0.15 a | |||||||
RUT | 1 | 0.19 a | 0.61 b | 0.12 a | −0.39 b | ||||||||
NAR | 1 | 0.83 c | 0.09 a | −0.02 a | |||||||||
L-G | 1 | 0.22 a | −0.29 a | ||||||||||
DPPH | 1 | −0.52 b | |||||||||||
PRA | 1 |
DPPH Assay (Percentage of Inhibition) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Extract | 100 µg/mL | 250 µg/mL | 500 µg/mL |
Mo | Methanolic | 41.81 ± 1.70 c, xyz | 90.50 ± 1.04 xy | 93.08 ± 0.29 xy |
Ethanolic | 38.47 ± 0.52 c, yz | 93.29 ± 0.13 xy | 93.58 ± 0.29 xy | |
Aqueous | 48.19 ± 0.72 ab, xyz | 92.42 ± 0.68 xy | 92.36 ± 0.67 xy | |
Mp | Methanolic | 55.86 ± 1.08 bc, xyz | 93.40 ± 0.77 c, xy | 93.33 ± 0.34 xy |
Ethanolic | 40.09 ± 0.67 ac, yz | 92.80 ± 0.64 c, xy | 94.46 ± 0.28 c, xy | |
Aqueous | 23.88 ± 0.66 ab, xyz | 61.27 ± 2.84 ab, xyz | 91.99 ± 0.38 b, xy | |
Ob | Methanolic | 15.84 ± 0.94 xyz | 42.50 ± 1.70 bc, xyz | 69.95 ± 0.56 bc, xz |
Ethanolic | 14.05 ± 1.35 xyz | 34.43 ± 0.36 ac, xyz | 54.02 ± 0.90 ac, xyz | |
Aqueous | 11.89 ± 1.12 xyz | 27.68 ± 0.07 ab, xyz | 51.61 ± 0.24 ab, xyz | |
Ro | Methanolic | 37.25 ± 0.51 byz | 64.14 ± 0.41 bc, xyz | 94.98 ± 0.14 b, xy |
Ethanolic | 23.61 ± 2.16 ac, xyz | 30.35 ± 0.56 ac, xyz | 88.99 ± 1.48 ac, xy | |
Aqueous | 35.56 ± 1.43 b, z | 56.60 ± 1.18 ab, yz | 93.74 ± 0.09 b, xy | |
So | Methanolic | 39.41 ± 0.63 c, yz | 81.24 ± 1.02 bc, xyz | 94.90 ± 0.09 c, xy |
Ethanolic | 37.05 ± 0.81 c, z | 77.00 ± 1.31 ac, xyz | 95.21 ± 0.05 c, xy | |
Aqueous | 31.64 ± 0.81 ab, xz | 53.09 ± 1.32 ab, z | 92.43 ± 0.14 ab, xy | |
Sm | Methanolic | 32.89 ± 0.61 c, z | 61.16 ± 0.86 xyz | 94.98 ± 0.05 xy |
Ethanolic | 30.63 ± 0.59 c, xz | 63.76 ± 0.62 xyz | 95.09 ± 0.11 xy | |
Aqueous | 37.59 ± 3.51 ab, yz | 62.52 ± 1.54 xyz | 93.74 ± 0.25 xy | |
BHA | 36.20 ± 0.66 z | 55.43 ± 1.38 z | 75.43 ± 1.16 yz | |
BHT | 32.73 ± 0.60 z | 52.01 ± 0.53 z | 71.90 ± 1.86 xz | |
Ascorbic acid | 89.42 ± 0.17 xy | too high xy | too high xy |
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Oalđe Pavlović, M.; Kolarević, S.; Đorđević, J.; Jovanović Marić, J.; Lunić, T.; Mandić, M.; Kračun Kolarević, M.; Živković, J.; Alimpić Aradski, A.; Marin, P.D.; et al. A Study of Phytochemistry, Genoprotective Activity, and Antitumor Effects of Extracts of the Selected Lamiaceae Species. Plants 2021, 10, 2306. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112306
Oalđe Pavlović M, Kolarević S, Đorđević J, Jovanović Marić J, Lunić T, Mandić M, Kračun Kolarević M, Živković J, Alimpić Aradski A, Marin PD, et al. A Study of Phytochemistry, Genoprotective Activity, and Antitumor Effects of Extracts of the Selected Lamiaceae Species. Plants. 2021; 10(11):2306. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112306
Chicago/Turabian StyleOalđe Pavlović, Mariana, Stoimir Kolarević, Jelena Đorđević, Jovana Jovanović Marić, Tanja Lunić, Marija Mandić, Margareta Kračun Kolarević, Jelena Živković, Ana Alimpić Aradski, Petar D. Marin, and et al. 2021. "A Study of Phytochemistry, Genoprotective Activity, and Antitumor Effects of Extracts of the Selected Lamiaceae Species" Plants 10, no. 11: 2306. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112306