Ethnobotany and Toxicity Status of Medicinal Plants with Cosmeceutical Relevance from Eastern Cape, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Ethnobotanical Survey
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. Ethnobotanical Survey
3.2. Toxicity Status
No. | Scientific Name | Voucher Number | Common Names | FI | Recorded Toxicity from Survey | Reported Toxicity from Literature | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amaranthaceae Amaranthus hybridus L. | M.C.12 | Utyuthu (Xh) Green amaranth (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Non cytotoxic Brine shrimp assay LC50: 6233.6 µg/mL Leaves | [23] |
2 | Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album L. | M.C.44 | Imbikicane (Xh) Lamb’s quarters (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Nontoxic Mortality rate assay LD50: 71.3 mg/kg Leaves | [24] |
3 | Amaryllidaceae Allium sativum L. | M.C.32 | Ivimbampunzi (Xh) Garlic (Eng) | 6.24 | No | Nontoxic Mortality rate assay LD50: 3034 mg/kg Bulb | [25] |
4 | Amaryllidaceae Haemanthus albiflos Jacq. | M.C.33 | Umathunga (Xh) | 9.36 | No | Cytotoxic NIH 3T3 cell line LD50: 3.24 mg/mL Bulb | [26] |
5 | Anacardiaceae Schinus molle L. | M.C.46 | Peperibhomu (Xh) Peruvian pepper (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Cytotoxic K562 cell line LD50: 78.70 µg/mL Essential oil | [27] |
6 | Apiaceae Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh. | M.C.29 | Iqwili (Xh) Larger tinsel flower (Eng) | 15.60 | No | Non genotoxic Ames test Number of His+ revertant Rhizome | [28] |
7 | Apocynaceae Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Codd | M.C.09 | Ubuhlungu (Xh) Dune poison (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Non mutagenic Ames test Number of His+ revertant Twigs | [29] |
8 | Aquifoliaceae Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk. | M.C.21 | Isidumo (Xh) Cape holy (Eng) | 12.48 | No | No toxicity study | No reports |
9 | Asphodelaceae Aloiampelos ciliaris Haw. Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. var. ciliaris | M.C.01 | Ikhala (Xh) Climbing aloe (Eng) | 3.12 | Laxative effect | No toxicity study | No reports |
10 | Asphodelaceae Aloe ferox Mill. | M.C.05 | Ikhala (Xh) Bitter aloe (Eng) | 18.72 | Laxative effect | Nontoxic in vivo assay (mice) LD50: >5.0 g/kg Resin extract | [30] |
11 | Asphodelaceae Aloiampelos tenuior (Haw.) Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. | M.C.04 | Impapane (Xh) Slender aloe (Eng) | 3.12 | No | No toxicity study | No reports |
12 | Asphodelaceae Bulbine abyssinica A. Rich. | M.C.06 | Uyakayakana (Xh) Geelkatstert (Afk) | 6.24 | No | Nontoxic Brine shrimp assay LD50: 3120 µg/mL Oil | [31] |
13 | Asphodelaceae Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. | M.C.07 | Itswela le nyoka (Xh) Balsem kopieva (Afr) | 18.72 | No | Cytotoxic Chang liver cells LD50: 62.5 µg/mL Whole plant | [32] |
14 | Asteraceae Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O.Hoffm | M.C.50 | Ubushwa (Xh) Botterblom (Afr) | 3.12 | No | Cytotoxic Brine Shrimp assay LD50: 1000 µg/mL Leaves | [16] |
15 | Asteraceae Sonchus asper (L.) Hill | M.C.14 | Ihlaba (Xh) Spiny sowthistle (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Nontoxic in vivo assay (rats) LD50: 200 mg/kg Whole plant | [33] |
16 | Asteraceae Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. | M.C.02 | Umhlonyana (Xh) Wind wormwood (Eng) | 34.32 | No | Nontoxic in vivo assay (mice) LD50: 9833.4 mg/kg Leaves | [34] |
17 | Asteraceae Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard & B.L.Burtt | M.C.40 | Impepho (Xh) Kooigoed (Afr) | 12.48 | No | Non mutagenic Ames test Number of His+ revertant Leaves | [35] |
18 | Asteraceae Senecio inornatus DC. | M.C.08 | Inkanga (Xh) Tall marsh senecio (Eng) | 6.24 | No | No toxicity study | No reports |
19 | Balanophoraceae Sarcophyte sanguinea Sparrm. subsp. sanguinea | M.C.37 | Umavumbuka (Xh) Wolwekos (Afr) | 3.12 | No | Non cytotoxic Monkey kidney cell line LD50: 50 µg/mL Stem bark | [36] |
20 | Boraginaceae Symphytum officinale L. | M.C.31 | Izicwe (Xh) Comfrey (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Genotoxic Liver cll gene mutations Leaves | [37] |
21 | Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea L. | M.C.20 | Kale (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Nontoxic in vivo assay (rats) LD50: 5000 mg/kg Leaves | [38] |
22 | Brassicaceae Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek | M.C.15 | Uwatala (Xh) Watercress (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Nontoxic in vivo assay (rats) LD50: 500 mg/kg Leaves | [39] |
23 | Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L. | M.C.38 | Umya (Xh) Hemp (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Cytotoxic Brine shrimp assay LD50: 13.6 µg/mL Oil | [40] |
24 | Caprifoliaceae Scabiosa albanensis R.A.Dyer | M.C.36 | Isilawu (Xh) Scabious (Eng) | 9.36 | No | No toxicity study | No reports |
25 | Caricaceae Carica papaya L. | M.C.30 | Ipopo (Xh) Paw Paw (Eng) | 6.24 | No | Cytotoxic in vivo assay (catfish) LC50: 1.29 mg/mL Seeds | [41] |
26 | Euphorbiaceae Acalypha glabrata Thunb. | M.C.25 | Umthombothi (Xh) Forest false nettle (Eng) | 6.24 | No | No toxicity study | No reports |
27 | Gunneraceae Gunnera perpensa L. | M.C.41 | Iphuzi (Xh) River pumpkin (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Nontoxic in vivo assay (rats) LD50: 400 mg/kg Leaves | [42] |
28 | Hyacinthaceae Albuca setosa Jacq. | M.C.39 | Inqwebeba (Xh) Small white (Eng) | 6.24 | No | Cytotoxic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line 64.52 µg/mL Bulb | [43] |
29 | Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch., C.A. Mey. and Ave-Lall. | M.C.34 | Inongwe (Xh) Yellow star (Eng) | 15.60 | No | Nontoxic Monkey Vero kidney cell line LD50: 95.51 µg/mL Bulb | [44] |
30 | Lamiaceae Marrubium vulgare L. | M.C.14 | Umhlonyane (Xh) Horehound (Eng) | 12.48 | No | Cytotoxic Brine shrimp assay LC50: 112.65 µg/mL Leaves | [45] |
31 | Lauraceae Persea americana Mill. | M.C.19 | Iavokado (Xh) Avocado Tree (Eng) | 15.60 | No | Nontoxic in vivo assay (mice) LD50: >4000 mg/kg Seeds | [46] |
32 | Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Lam. | M.C.35 | Moringa (Eng) Peperwortelboom (Afr) | 3.12 | No | Nontoxic in vivo assay (rats) In vivo assay LD50: 3000 mg/kg Leaves | [47] |
33 | Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata L. | M.C.13 | Ubendlela (Xh) Narrowleaf plantain (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Nontoxic in vivo assay (mice) LD50: 12 mL/kg Leaves syrup | [48] |
34 | Polygonaceae Emex australis Steinh. | M.C.43 | Inkunzane (Xh) Souther three corner jack (Eng) | 3.12 | No | No toxicity study | No reports |
35 | Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea flanaganii (Schinz) Alston. | M.C.18 | UmMemezi (Xh) | 12.48 | No | Cytotoxic HEM cell line LD50: 100 µg/mL Bark | [49] |
36 | Rutaceae Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. | M.C.11 | Iperipes (Xh) Horsewood (Eng) | 15.60 | No | No toxicity study | No reports |
37 | Rutaceae Ruta graveolens L. | M.C.45 | Ivendrithi (Xh) Rue (Eng) | 3.12 | No | Cytotoxic in vivo assay (mice) LD50: <1000 mg/kg Leaves | [50] |
38 | Urticaceae Urtica urens L. | M.C.03 | Uralijan (Xh) | 3.12 | No | Nontoxic in vivo assay (rats) LD50: >5000 mg/kg Leaves | [51] |
No. | Medicinal Plant | Product Description | Application | Dosage | Patent Number | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Schinus molle L. | Hydroethanolic plant extract prepared from aerial parts of the plant. Comprised mainly of quercitrin (0.04%) and miquelianin (0.02%). Cosmetic composition used as protective active agent and to improve barrier function of the skin. | Topical application | 2 mg/cm2 | US11045669B2 | [52] |
2 | Cannabis sativa L. | A topical formulation used in treating dermatological diseases, comprising a Cannabis derived botanical drug product, wherein the concentration of tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, or both in the topical formulation is greater than 2 mg/kg. | Topical application | Not specified | US010226496B2 | [53] |
3 | Bulbine frutescens L. | A medicament related to treatment of damaged skin because of scarring, aging, and excessive exposure to UV light. The topical application comprises of B. frutescens (9.9–11% m/m) and Centella asiatica (0.45–0.55% m/m), supplemented by oleuropein (0.18–0.3% m/v). | Topical application | Microporous tape with topical scar gel | USO08071139B2 | [54] |
4 | Symphytum officinale L. | An injectable solution (minimal dose for intramuscular administration to an adult is of 30 mg/day/70 kg body weight) of S. officinale prepared from freshly cut roots, with anti-inflammatory effect. | Injectable syringe | 5 mL ampoule | USOO7604822B2 | [55] |
5 | Ruta graveolens L. | Hydroalcoholic plant extract prepared from leaves used to prevent and/or treat arterial hypertension, as it exhibits a marked vasodilator effect. | Oral administration | Not specified | WO201407277Al | [56] |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ndhlala, A.R.; Thibane, V.S.; Masehla, C.M.; Mokwala, P.W. Ethnobotany and Toxicity Status of Medicinal Plants with Cosmeceutical Relevance from Eastern Cape, South Africa. Plants 2022, 11, 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111451
Ndhlala AR, Thibane VS, Masehla CM, Mokwala PW. Ethnobotany and Toxicity Status of Medicinal Plants with Cosmeceutical Relevance from Eastern Cape, South Africa. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111451
Chicago/Turabian StyleNdhlala, Ashwell R., Vuyisile S. Thibane, Cecilia M. Masehla, and Phatlane W. Mokwala. 2022. "Ethnobotany and Toxicity Status of Medicinal Plants with Cosmeceutical Relevance from Eastern Cape, South Africa" Plants 11, no. 11: 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111451