Impact of Ferrous Sulfate on Thylakoidal Multiprotein Complexes, Metabolism and Defence of Brassica juncea L. under Arsenic Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Fresh and Dry Weights
2.2. Root and Shoot Lengths
2.3. Leaf Morphology and Leaf Area
2.4. TBARS Content as a Measure of Oxidative Stress
2.5. Histochemical Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide in Leaf
2.6. Activities of Enzymatic Antioxidants
2.7. Content of Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
2.7.1. Ascorbate Content
2.7.2. Glutathione Content
2.7.3. Non-Protein Thiols (NPTs) Content
2.7.4. Phytochelatins (PCs) Content
2.8. Photosynthetic Pigments (Chlorophyll and Carotenoid) Content
2.9. Proteomic Changes in Thylakoidal Multi-Protein Complexes
2.9.1. BN-PAGE of Thylakoidal Multi-Protein-Pigment Complexes
2.9.2. Band Volume Analysis
2.9.3. Second Dimension Analysis of Thylakoidal Membrane Protein Complexes
3. Discussion
3.1. The Anti-Oxidative System of Mustard Was Not Robust Enough to Efficiently Overcome Arsenic Stress
3.2. Iron-Sulfate Supplement Improved Antioxidant Capacity of Brassica against Arsenic Stress
3.3. Iron Sulfate Has Multiple Roles to Play against Arsenic-Induced Stress
3.4. Arsenic Stress Affected the Photosynthetic Apparatus as Evident from a Decline in Thylakoidal Membrane Multi-Protein Complexes
3.5. Iron-Sulfate Helped Retain the Thylakoidal Membrane Multi-Protein Complexes and Provided Better Stability by Readjusting Light-Harvesting Complexes during As Stress
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Growth
4.2. Experimental Design and Treatment
4.3. Physiochemical Assessment under Arsenic Toxicity
4.3.1. Estimation of the Magnitude of Oxidative Stress
4.3.2. Histochemical Assay in Leaf
4.4. Growth Parameters
4.4.1. Estimation of Biomass
4.4.2. Estimation of Shoot Length and Root Length
4.4.3. Study of Leaf Morphology
4.4.4. In-Vitro Assay of Enzymatic Antioxidants
4.5. Estimation of Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
4.5.1. Ascorbate Content
4.5.2. Glutathione Content
4.5.3. Non-protein Thiol (NPT) Content
4.5.4. Phytochelatin (PC) Content
4.6. Photosynthetic Pigments
4.7. Proteomic Changes in Thylakoidal Multi-Protein Complexes (MPCs)
4.7.1. Isolation and Processing of Thylakoid Membranes
4.7.2. 2D BN-SDS PAGE
4.7.3. Image Analysis
4.7.4. Tryptic Digestion of Proteins
4.7.5. Peptide Mass Fingerprinting (PMF) and Protein Identification
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | 7 DAT | 14 DAT | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0: Control | T1: +FS | T2: +AS | T3: As + FS | T0: Control | T1: +FS | T2: +As | T3: As + FS | ||
ASA (µmol g −1 DW) | 1.26 ± 0.01 e | 1.67 ± 0.03 c (+33%) | 1.42 ± 0.01 d (+13%) | 1.97 ± 0.02 b (+56%) | 1.37 ± 0.02 de | 1.89 ± 0.03 b (+37%) | 1.58 ± 0.02 c (+15%) | 2.16 ± 0.01 a (+58%) | |
DHA (µmol g −1 DW) | 0.13 ± 0.01 e | 0.18 ± 0.02 de (+45%) | 0.26 ± 0.02 cd (+108%) | 0.42 ± 0.01 b (+232%) | 0.16 ± 0.01 de | 0.24 ± 0.02 cde (+49%) | 0.34 ± 0.01 bc (+110%) | 0.84 ± 0.01 a (+412%) | |
Total ascorbate (ASA + DHA) (µmol g −1 DW) | 1.38 ± 0.02 f | 1.86 ± 0.05 d (+34%) | 1.68 ± 0.03 e (+22%) | 2.39 ± 0.03 b (+73%) | 1.54 ± 0.03 ef | 2.13 ± 0.05 c (+39%) | 1.92 ± 0.03 d (+25%) | 3.00 ± 0.02 a (+95%) | |
ASA: DHA | 9.93 a | 9.21 a (−7%) | 5.41 b (−45%) | 4.70 bc (−53%) | 8.56 a | 8.7 5 a (+2%) | 4.51 bc (−47%) | 2.61 c (−69%) |
Parameters | 7 DAT | 14 DAT | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0: Control | T1: +FS | T2: +As | T3: As + FS | T0: Control | T1: +FS | T2: +As | T3: As + FS | |
GSH (nmol g −1 DW) | 425 ± 1.3 f | 608 ± 1.5 d (+43%) | 638 ± 1.0 d (+50%) | 975 ± 0.5 a (+129%) | 551 ± 2.1 e | 717 ± 1.5 c (+30%) | 744 ± 2.0 c (+35%) | 864 ± 1.6 b (+57%) |
GSSG (nmol g −1 DW) | 130 ± 0.9 g | 151 ± 1.3 f (+16%) | 265 ± 1.0 c (+104%) | 315 ± 0.9 a (+142%) | 175 ± 2.0 e | 218 ± 1.4 d (+25%) | 299 ± 1.2 ab (+71%) | 284 ± 2.2 bc (+62%) |
Total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) (nmol g −1 DW) | 556 ± 2.2 f | 759 ± 2.8 e (+37%) | 904 ± 2.0 d (+63%) | 1290 ± 1.4 a (+132%) | 726 ± 1.5 e | 936 ± 2.9 d (+29%) | 1043 ± 3.2 c (+44%) | 1148 ± 3.8 b (+58%) |
GSH:GSSG | 3.26 b | 4.02 a (+23%) | 2.40 c (−26%) | 3.09 b (−5%) | 3.15 b | 3.28b (+4%) | 2.48 c (−21%) | 3.11 b (−1%) |
Parameters | 7 DAT | 14 DAT | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0: Control | T1: +FS | T2: +As | T3: As + FS | T0: Control | T1: +FS | T2: +As | T3: As + FS | |
Chl a (mg g −1 DW) | 1.435 ± 0.021 d | 1.661 ± 0.030 b (+16%) | 1.332 ± 0.022 e (−7%) | 1.517 ± 0.034 c (+6%) | 1.688 ± 0.032 b | 1.937 ± 0.041 a (+15%) | 1.086 ± 0.037 f (−36%) | 1.499 ± 0.030 c (−11%) |
Chl b (mg g −1 DW) | 0.394 ± 0.026 e | 0.429 ± 0.035 d (+9%) | 0.360 ± 0.031 f (−9%) | 0.452 ± 0.040 c (+15%) | 0.463 ± 0.033 b | 0.486 ± 0.017 a (+5%) | 0.334 ± 0.023 g (−28%) | 0.457 ± 0.030 bc (−1%) |
Total chlorophyll (Chl a + Chl b) | 1.829 ± 0.047 e | 2.090 ± 0.065 c (+14%) | 1.692 ± 0.053 f (−7%) | 1.969 ± 0.074 d (+8%) | 2.151 ± 0.065 b | 2.423 ± 0.058 a (+13%) | 1.420 ± 0.060 g (−34%) | 1.956 ± 0.060 d (−9%) |
Carotenoids (mg g −1 DW) | 0.526 ± 0.021 c | 0.544 ± 0.028 b (+3%) | 0.412 ± 0.015 e (−22%) | 0.499 ± 0.021 d (−5%) | 0.523 ± 0.024 c | 0.558 ± 0.026 a (+7%) | 0.310 ± 0.001 f (−41%) | 0.509 ± 0.012 d (−3%) |
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Ali, A.A.; Ahmad, J.; Baig, M.A.; Ahmad, A.; A. Al-Huqail, A.; Qureshi, M.I. Impact of Ferrous Sulfate on Thylakoidal Multiprotein Complexes, Metabolism and Defence of Brassica juncea L. under Arsenic Stress. Plants 2022, 11, 1559. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11121559
Ali AA, Ahmad J, Baig MA, Ahmad A, A. Al-Huqail A, Qureshi MI. Impact of Ferrous Sulfate on Thylakoidal Multiprotein Complexes, Metabolism and Defence of Brassica juncea L. under Arsenic Stress. Plants. 2022; 11(12):1559. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11121559
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Arlene Asthana, Javed Ahmad, Mohammad Affan Baig, Altaf Ahmad, Asma A. Al-Huqail, and Mohammad Irfan Qureshi. 2022. "Impact of Ferrous Sulfate on Thylakoidal Multiprotein Complexes, Metabolism and Defence of Brassica juncea L. under Arsenic Stress" Plants 11, no. 12: 1559. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11121559