Analysis of the Impact of Environmental and Agronomic Variables on Agronomic Parameters in Soybean Cultivation Based on Long-Term Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Design
4.2. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean ± SD | Min–Max | ||
---|---|---|---|
independent quantitative | Soil organic carbon (%) | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 1.2–3.6 |
sand (%) | 50.2 ± 20.4 | 11.6–79.0 | |
clay (%) | 15.5 ± 7.5 | 5.3–27.3 | |
Soil nitrogen (g kg−1) | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.1–3.0 | |
CWB_1 | −75.6 ± 60.5 | −188.3–130.6 | |
CWB_4 | −93.0 ± 69.6 | −227.7–121.4 | |
CWB_7 | −106.3 ± 68.4 | −254.7–62.9 | |
CWB_10 | −74.5 ± 77.5 | −231.3–175.0 | |
CWB_13 | −40.1 ± 65.9 | −173.4–123.0 | |
Soil pH | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 4.0–7.6 | |
rate of N (kg ha−1) | 33.1 ± 18.1 | 0.0–105.0 | |
rate of P2O5 (kg ha−1) | 48.8 ± 21.9 | 0.0–105.0 | |
rate of K2O (kg ha−1) | 85.9 ± 29.5 | 0.0–163.0 | |
herbicides (l ha−1) | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 0.0–9.0 | |
insecticides (kg ha−1) | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.0–1.9 | |
dependent | yield (Mg ha−1) | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 1.0–5.4 |
plant height (cm) | 87.6 ± 17.0 | 38.0–121.0 | |
1000-grain weight (g) | 194.4 ± 27.3 | 111.8–261.9 |
Yield (Mg ha−1) | Height (cm) | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | |
---|---|---|---|
soil organic carbon (%) | −0.220 | −0.055 | −0.136 |
sand (%) | −0.202 | −0.096 | 0.109 |
clay (%) | 0.301 | 0.102 | −0.091 |
Soil nitrogen (g kg−1) | −0.192 | −0.035 | −0.158 |
CWB_1 | −0.004 | 0.144 | −0.246 |
CWB_4 | 0.050 | 0.295 | −0.003 |
CWB_7 | 0.258 | 0.427 | 0.112 |
CWB_10 | 0.293 | 0.442 | 0.046 |
pH | 0.180 | 0.066 | −0.049 |
CWB_13 | 0.068 | 0.311 | −0.088 |
N (kg ha−1) | 0.100 | 0.161 | −0.053 |
P2O5 (kg ha−1) | 0.015 | −0.038 | −0.106 |
K2O (kg ha−1) | −0.102 | −0.026 | −0.109 |
sowing | 0.123 | 0.009 | 0.050 |
herbicides (l ha−1) | 0.119 | 0.008 | 0.191 |
insecticides (kg ha−1) | 0.024 | 0.029 | 0.004 |
yield (Mg ha−1) | 0.427 | 0.396 | |
height (cm) | −0.009 |
Yield | R2 = 0.40 | Height | R2 = 0.34 | 1000-Grain Weight | R2 = 0.20 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | p-Value | b | p-Value | b | p-Value | |
y-intercept | −2.050 | 0.131 | 68.162 | 0.005 | 214.266 | 0.000 |
soil organic carbon (%) | −0.078 | 0.603 | 0.837 | 0.756 | 0.031 | 0.995 |
sand (%) | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.178 | 0.271 | 0.096 | 0.738 |
clay (%) | 0.131 | 0.000 | 0.262 | 0.549 | 0.285 | 0.713 |
Nitrogen (g kg−1) | −0.210 | 0.283 | −1.745 | 0.619 | −8.555 | 0.170 |
CWB_1 | −0.003 | 0.118 | −0.021 | 0.532 | −0.194 | 0.001 |
CWB_4 | 0.000 | 0.987 | 0.064 | 0.079 | 0.144 | 0.026 |
CWB_7 | 0.001 | 0.796 | 0.038 | 0.318 | −0.079 | 0.244 |
CWB_10 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.084 | 0.009 | 0.133 | 0.020 |
CWB_13 | −0.002 | 0.201 | 0.017 | 0.595 | −0.079 | 0.166 |
pH | 0.286 | 0.024 | 3.152 | 0.163 | −1.520 | 0.703 |
sowing | 0.007 | 0.268 | 0.121 | 0.301 | −0.005 | 0.982 |
N (kg ha−1) | 0.006 | 0.095 | 0.117 | 0.079 | −0.134 | 0.258 |
P2O5 (kg ha−1) | 0.001 | 0.742 | −0.020 | 0.743 | −0.139 | 0.195 |
K2O (kg ha−1) | −0.002 | 0.510 | −0.023 | 0.631 | −0.040 | 0.631 |
herbicides (l ha−1) | 0.080 | 0.012 | 0.161 | 0.776 | 2.398 | 0.018 |
insecticides (kg ha−1) | −0.088 | 0.824 | −1.781 | 0.801 | −4.116 | 0.742 |
Yield (Mg ha−1) | Height (cm) | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean ± SD | Min–Max | Mean ± SD | Min–Max | Mean ± SD | Min–Max | ||
Soil group (FAO WRB) | Albeluvisols | 17 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 1.4–4.2 | 94.1 ± 12.6 | 74.4–118.0 | 186.1 ± 20.2 | 149.4–212.0 |
Cambisols | 40 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 1.0–5.0 | 83.8 ± 19.5 | 38.0–121.0 | 194.4 ± 26.5 | 148.0–257.0 | |
Fluvisols | 4 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.1–3.0 | 73.8 ± 8.4 | 66.0–81.0 | 182.8 ± 16.5 | 168.0–197.0 | |
Gleysols | 10 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 2.9–4.0 | 98.6 ± 12.4 | 83.0–112.0 | 198.2 ± 22.0 | 166.4–230.1 | |
Luvisols | 102 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 1.0–5.4 | 87.5 ± 16.5 | 39.0–121.0 | 195.9 ± 29.3 | 111.8–261.9 | |
previous crop | cereal | 146 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 1.0–5.4 | 87.7 ± 17.7 | 38.0–121.0 | 193.5 ± 27.2 | 111.8–257.0 |
legumes | 3 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 2.6–4.0 | 94.3 ± 12.9 | 80.0–105.0 | 193.4 ± 36.5 | 151.3–217.0 | |
rapeseed | 9 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 1.6–4.6 | 87.7 ± 12.2 | 71.0–106.0 | 204.0 ± 25.4 | 163.3–242.7 | |
root crop | 15 | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 1.3–5.4 | 85.9 ± 12.9 | 66.0–105.0 | 197.6 ± 29.0 | 150.8–261.9 | |
inoculum | 138 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 1.0–5.4 | 87.5 ± 17.8 | 38.0–121.0 | 196.0 ± 27.7 | 111.8–257.0 | |
no inoculum | 35 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 1.2–5.4 | 88.2 ± 13.6 | 54.7–110.0 | 187.9 ± 24.8 | 141.0–261.9 | |
no fungicides | 170 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 1.0–5.4 | 87.6 ± 17.1 | 38.0–121.0 | 193.9 ± 26.7 | 111.8–257.0 | |
fungicides | 3 | 4.3 ± 1.8 | 2.2–5.4 | 91.3 ± 11.7 | 81.0–104.0 | 219.5 ± 51.2 | 162.7–261.9 | |
year | 2012 | 4 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 2.1–3.6 | 95.3 ± 4.5 | 93.0–102.0 | 155.4 ± 25.7 | 118.6–175.3 |
2013 | 4 | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 1.0–3.8 | 84.0 ± 4.2 | 81.0–90.0 | 150.3 ± 16.9 | 135.0–173.9 | |
2014 | 5 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 2.5–4.5 | 108.0 ± 15.2 | 82.0–121.0 | 199.4 ± 11.5 | 180.6–211.0 | |
2015 | 6 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 1.0–3.3 | 68.6 ± 21.3 | 38.0–100.0 | 151.7 ± 21.4 | 111.8–175.7 | |
2016 | 11 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 2.2–4.7 | 92.1 ± 12.7 | 73.0–106.0 | 178.2 ± 26.8 | 151.3–224.1 | |
2017 | 10 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 2.0–4.5 | 90.1 ± 14.2 | 75.0–112.0 | 188.3 ± 22.4 | 139.0–215.0 | |
2018 | 30 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 2.5–5.4 | 85.0 ± 13.7 | 53.0–108.0 | 210.4 ± 20.2 | 163.3–261.9 | |
2019 | 30 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 1.2–4.9 | 71.2 ± 14.4 | 39.0–95.0 | 201.7 ± 21.5 | 164.6–243.0 | |
2020 | 35 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 1.4–4.9 | 89.6 ± 14.9 | 62.0–118.0 | 208.1 ± 24.9 | 161.0–257.0 | |
2021 | 38 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 1.4–5.2 | 98.9 ± 12.7 | 77.4–121.0 | 184.5 ± 21.1 | 141.0–228.0 |
Abbreviation Used for Certain Climatic Water Balance | Period for which CWB Is Calculated | Growth Phase of Soybean for which CWB Is Calculated * |
---|---|---|
CWB_1 | from 01 April to 31 May | from before sowing to the emergence of soybean |
CWB_4 | from 01 May to 30 June | from sowing to the end of vegetative stage |
CWB_7 | from 01 June to 31 July | from the emergence to the full flowering |
CWB_10 | from 01 July to 31 August | from the beginning of the flowering to the full seed stage |
CWB_13 | from 01 August to 30 September | from the beginning of pod stage to the full maturity |
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Wójcik-Gront, E.; Gozdowski, D.; Derejko, A.; Pudełko, R. Analysis of the Impact of Environmental and Agronomic Variables on Agronomic Parameters in Soybean Cultivation Based on Long-Term Data. Plants 2022, 11, 2922. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212922
Wójcik-Gront E, Gozdowski D, Derejko A, Pudełko R. Analysis of the Impact of Environmental and Agronomic Variables on Agronomic Parameters in Soybean Cultivation Based on Long-Term Data. Plants. 2022; 11(21):2922. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212922
Chicago/Turabian StyleWójcik-Gront, Elżbieta, Dariusz Gozdowski, Adriana Derejko, and Rafał Pudełko. 2022. "Analysis of the Impact of Environmental and Agronomic Variables on Agronomic Parameters in Soybean Cultivation Based on Long-Term Data" Plants 11, no. 21: 2922. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212922