Plant-Growth Promoting Microbes Change the Photosynthetic Response to Light Quality in Spinach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Light Quality and PGPM Application on Spinach Growth
2.2. Effect of Light Quality and PGPM Application on Light Response Curve (LRC)
2.3. Effect of Light Quality and PGPM Application on CO2 Response Curve (CRC)
2.4. Effect of Light Quality and PGPM Application on SPAD and Photosynthetic Functional Traits of LRC
2.5. Effect of Light Quality and PGPM Application on Rubisco Protein
3. Discussion
3.1. Effect of Light Quality on Spinach Growth and Photosynthetic Performance
3.2. Effect of PGPM on Plant Growth and Photosynthesis
3.3. Light and PGPM on Growth and Photosynthesis
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Plant Growth Conditions
4.2. Biometrical Characteristics
4.3. Photosynthetic Response Curves
4.4. Rubisco Quantification
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Leaf Number | Total Leaf Area | S/B | R/B | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LQ | ||||
W | 14 ± 0.9 a | 60 ± 3.7 a | 0.74 ± 0.03 a | 0.28 ± 0.03 b |
RB | 13 ± 0.9 a | 49 ± 2.9 b | 0.62 ± 0.03 b | 0.50 ± 0.06 a |
PGPM | ||||
NI | 13 ± 0.6 a | 55 ± 2.9 a | 0.73 ± 0.04 a | 0.36 ± 0.07 a |
I | 14 ± 1.2 a | 53 ± 5.2 a | 0.63 ± 0.012 b | 0.42 ± 0.03 a |
Condition | ||||
W-NI | 13 ± 0.4 a | 58 ± 3.9 a | 0.82 ± 0.03 a | 0.22 ± 0.05 b |
RB-NI | 13 ± 0.9 a | 52 ± 3.6bc | 0.64 ± 0.05 b | 0.49 ± 0.12 a |
W-I | 15 ± 1.3 a | 62 ± 0.9 a | 0.66 ± 0.01 b | 0.34 ± 0.01 b |
RB-I | 13 ± 1.1 a | 45 ± 3.4 c | 0.60 ± 0.01 b | 0.51 ± 0.02 a |
Significance | ||||
LQ | NS | ** | ** | ** |
PGPM | NS | NS | ** | NS |
LQ x PGPM | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Light Response Curve | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PN (LRC) | gs | Ci/Ca | WUEi | ΦPSII | ΦNPQ | ΦNO | |
Light | |||||||
W | a | b | a | a | a | a | a |
RB | a | a | a | a | a | a | b |
PGPM | |||||||
NI | b | b | a | a | a | a | a |
I | a | a | a | a | a | a | b |
Significance | |||||||
LQ | NS | *** | NS | NS | NS | NS | ** |
PGPM | * | *** | NS | NS | NS | NS | ** |
LQ × PGPM | NS | *** | NS | NS | NS | NS | ** |
Phase 1 | |||||||
PN (LRC) | gs | Ci/Ca | WUEi | ΦPSII | ΦNPQ | ΦNO | |
Light | |||||||
W | a | b | a | a | a | a | a |
RB | a | a | a | a | a | a | b |
PGPM | |||||||
NI | a | b | b | a | a | a | a |
I | a | a | a | b | a | a | a |
Combination | |||||||
W-NI | c | c | b | a | c | ab | a |
W-I | b | a | a | bc | ab | ab | a |
RB-NI | ab | b | b | b | bc | b | b |
RB-I | a | a | a | c | a | a | b |
Significance | |||||||
LQ | NS | *** | NS | NS | NS | NS | ** |
PGPM | NS | *** | ** | ** | NS | NS | NS |
LQ × PGPM | * | * | * | * | * | * | NS |
Phase 2 | |||||||
PN (LRC) | gs | Ci/Ca | WUEi | ΦPSII | ΦNPQ | ΦNO | |
Light | |||||||
W | b | b | a | a | a | a | a |
RB | a | a | a | a | a | a | b |
PGPM | |||||||
NI | b | b | b | a | b | a | a |
I | a | a | a | b | a | b | b |
Combination | |||||||
W-NI | d | d | b | a | c | ab | a |
W-I | c | b | a | bc | ab | ab | b |
RB-NI | b | c | b | b | b | b | b |
RB-I | a | a | a | c | a | a | b |
Significance | |||||||
LQ | *** | *** | NS | NS | NS | NS | * |
PGPM | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | * | * |
LQ × PGPM | * | *** | NS | NS | NS | NS | * |
CO2 Response Curve | ||
---|---|---|
PN (CRC) | Jf | |
Light | ||
W | a | b |
RB | a | a |
PGPM | ||
NI | a | b |
I | a | a |
Significance | ||
LQ | NS | * |
PGPM | NS | ** |
LQ × PGPM | NS | * |
Phase 1 | ||
PN (CRC) | Jf | |
Light | ||
W | a | b |
RB | a | a |
PGPM | ||
NI | b | b |
I | a | a |
Combination | ||
W-NI | c | c |
W-I | b | b |
RB-NI | ab | b |
RB-I | a | a |
Significance | ||
LQ | NS | * |
PGPM | * | *** |
LQ × PGPM | * | * |
Phase 2 | ||
PN (CRC) | Jf | |
Light | ||
W | a | a |
RB | a | a |
PGPM | ||
NI | b | b |
I | a | a |
Combination | ||
W-NI | c | c |
W-I | a | ab |
RB-NI | b | bc |
RB-I | a | a |
Significance | ||
LQ | NS | NS |
PGPM | * | *** |
LQ × PGPM | NS | NS |
SPAD | Fv/Fm | Rd | PNmax | Qpp | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LQ | |||||
W | 63 ± 1.2 a | 0.772 ± 0.004 a | −2.11 ± 0.05 a | 13.2 ± 0.64 b | 0.089 ± 0.002 b |
RB | 60 ± 0.9 a | 0.774 ± 0.005 a | −2.34 ± 0.05 b | 15.3 ± 0.49 a | 0.098 ± 0.001 a |
PGPM | |||||
NI | 63 ± 0.8 a | 0.770 ± 0.003 a | −2.27 ± 0.07 a | 12.8 ± 0.47 b | 0.090 ± 0.003 b |
I | 61 ± 1.3 a | 0.777 ± 0.004a | −2.18 ± 0.12 a | 15.7 ± 0.46 a | 0.096 ± 0.002 a |
Condition | |||||
W-NI | 64 ± 1.1 a | 0.766 ± 0.001 a | −2.32 ± 0.14 ab | 11.4 ± 0.16 d | 0.084 ± 0.002 b |
RB-NI | 62 ± 1.3 a | 0.772 ± 0.006 a | −2.22 ± 0.06 ab | 14.1 ± 0.26 c | 0.097 ± 0.002 a |
W-I | 63 ± 2.2 a | 0.77 ± 0.006 a | −1.90 ± 0.15 a | 14.9 ± 0.20 b | 0.093 ± 0.003 a |
RB-I | 59 ± 1.1 a | 0.77 ± 0.006 a | −2.46 ± 0.02 b | 16.6 ± 0.52 a | 0.099 ± 0.001 a |
Significance | |||||
LQ | NS | NS | * | *** | * |
PGPM | NS | NS | NS | *** | *** |
LQ × PGPM | NS | NS | * | * | * |
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Vitale, L.; Vitale, E.; Francesca, S.; Lorenz, C.; Arena, C. Plant-Growth Promoting Microbes Change the Photosynthetic Response to Light Quality in Spinach. Plants 2023, 12, 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051149
Vitale L, Vitale E, Francesca S, Lorenz C, Arena C. Plant-Growth Promoting Microbes Change the Photosynthetic Response to Light Quality in Spinach. Plants. 2023; 12(5):1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051149
Chicago/Turabian StyleVitale, Luca, Ermenegilda Vitale, Silvana Francesca, Christian Lorenz, and Carmen Arena. 2023. "Plant-Growth Promoting Microbes Change the Photosynthetic Response to Light Quality in Spinach" Plants 12, no. 5: 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051149