Phytoplankton in Deep Lakes of the Dinaric Karst: Functional Biodiversity and Main Ecological Features
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Environmental Characteristics of Lakes
2.2. Phytoplankton Biomass and Its Relationship to Environmental Parameters
2.3. The Functional Composition of Phytoplankton
2.4. Relationship between Environmental Parameters and the Composition of Phytoplankton
3. Discussion
3.1. Physical and Chemical Properties of the Analysed Lakes and Indicators of Trophic Status
3.2. Relationship between Environmental Variables and Phytoplankton Biomass
3.3. Composition of Phytoplankton FGs and Influence of Environmental Variables
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Sampling and Sample Analysis
4.3. Data Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Kozjak | Prošće | Vransko | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min-Max | Mean | Min-Max | Mean | Min-Max | Mean | |
Secchi visibility (m) | 5.3–14.7 | 8.5 | 3.6–10.7 | 5.4 | 7.8–15.5 | 11.0 |
Temperature (°C) | 7.6–18.8 | 13.3 | 8.4–18.1 | 12.8 | 9.9–21.7 | 17.7 |
pH | 7.9–8.4 | 8.3 | 7.7–8.4 | 8.2 | 7.9–8.4 | 8.3 |
Alkalinity (mg CaCO3 L−1) | 202.0–236.0 | 214.0 | 214.0–249.0 | 230.0 | 102.0–139.0 | 112.0 |
Dissolved oxygen (mg L−1) | 10.0–13.7 | 11.7 | 8.5–15.0 | 11.2 | 8.5–12.7 | 10.7 |
Oxygen saturation (%) | 96.8–146.9 | 113.2 | 79.8–159.1 | 106.7 | 91.1–134.3 | 115.5 |
Conductivity (µS cm−1) 25 °C | 359.0–419.0 | 393.5 | 387.0–443.0 | 428.5 | 397.0–475.0 | 436.0 |
Salinity (‰) | 0.10–0.14 | 0.13 | 0.00–0.15 | 0.13 | 0.11–0.15 | 0.13 |
Total nitrogen [TN] (mg N L−1) | 0.420–0.990 | 0.685 | 0.520–0.940 | 0.740 | 0.100–0.310 | 0.100 |
Total phosphorus [TP] (mg P L−1) | 0.002–0.059 | 0.013 | 0.002–0.038 | 0.018 | 0.002–0.044 | 0.014 |
Molar TN:TP ratio | 10.5–493.7 | 62.5 | 19.4–523.2 | 45.4 | 2.5–228.4 | 14.8 |
Biological oxygen demand [BOD] (mg O2 L−1) | 0.3–1.8 | 0.8 | 0.3–1.7 | 1.0 | 0.3–1.5 | 0.6 |
Chemical oxygen demand [COD] (mg O2 L−1) | 0.4–2.2 | 1.2 | 0.4–3 | 1.4 | 0.4–2.4 | 1.4 |
Total organic carbon [TOC] (mg C L−1) | 0.69–2.22 | 1.02 | 0.75–2.09 | 1.08 | 1.19–2.93 | 1.67 |
Silicates [SiO2] (mg L−1) | 0.57–3.41 | 1.60 | 0.35–4.96 | 1.58 | 0.13–1.39 | 0.35 |
Chlorophyll a [Chl-a] (µg L−1) | 0.35–2.72 | 1.29 | 0.5–8.14 | 4.01 | 0.35–2.06 | 0.50 |
Total biomass (mg L−1) | 0.12–2.05 | 0.46 | 0.35–4.65 | 1.49 | 0.21–1.21 | 0.38 |
Parameter | Visovac | Crniševo | Oćuša | |||
Min-Max | Mean | Min-Max | Mean | Min-Max | Mean | |
Secchi visibility (m) | 3.2–8.2 | 5.3 | 1.0–6.5 | 4.8 | 3.0–8.0 | 4.4 |
Temperature (°C) | 13.2–23.0 | 18.0 | 11.8–27.3 | 21.4 | 14.2–27.0 | 22.6 |
pH | 6.7–8.4 | 8.1 | 7.6–8.4 | 8.1 | 7.5–8.7 | 8.1 |
Alkalinity (mg CaCO3 L−1) | 171.0–245.0 | 210.1 | 139.0–368.8 | 171.0 | 112.0–201.0 | 150.0 |
Dissolved oxygen (mg L−1) | 6.9–13.6 | 10.3 | 8.3–13.0 | 10.6 | 5.9–12.7 | 9.9 |
Oxygen saturation (%) | 73.4–162.3 | 107.3 | 88.1–140.1 | 117.5 | 66.9–153.6 | 111.3 |
Conductivity (µS cm−1) 25 °C | 482.0–895.0 | 535.0 | 718.0–2930.0 | 1853.0 | 372.0–600.0 | 457.0 |
Salinity (‰) | 0.16–0.31 | 0.20 | 0.29–1.50 | 0.88 | 0.11–0.30 | 0.22 |
Total nitrogen [TN] (mg N L−1) | 0.220–0.753 | 0.350 | 0.240–1.010 | 0.385 | 0.100–0.909 | 0.429 |
Total phosphorus [TP] (mg P L−1) | 0.003–0.033 | 0.012 | 0.002–0.045 | 0.009 | 0.002–0.036 | 0.007 |
Molar TN:TP ratio | 11.7–150.3 | 33.9 | 11.5–694.1 | 48.6 | 11.4–316.1 | 39.6 |
Biological oxygen demand [BOD] (mg O2 L−1) | 0.3–2.4 | 0.8 | 0.1–2.4 | 1.2 | 0.1–2.7 | 0.9 |
Chemical oxygen demand [COD] (mg O2 L−1) | 0.3–3.5 | 1.1 | 0.3–5.4 | 2.6 | 0.3–2.8 | 1.4 |
Total organic carbon [TOC] (mg C L−1) | 0.65–1.59 | 1.07 | 1.50–3.70 | 2.42 | 0.82–2.9 | 1.28 |
Silicates [SiO2] (mg L−1) | 0.40–4.52 | 1.95 | 0.17–2.11 | 0.70 | 0.28–3.54 | 1.52 |
Chlorophyll a [Chl-a] (µg L−1) | 1.18–7.39 | 2.90 | 1.5–11.32 | 2.42 | 0.51–5.67 | 3.22 |
Total biomass (mg L−1) | 0.38–4.70 | 1.27 | 0.22–6.87 | 0.82 | 0.22–3.81 | 0.86 |
Environmental Variables | Lakes (n = 209) | |
---|---|---|
Chlorophyll a | Total Biomass | |
Light availability | −0.741 ** | −0.571 ** |
Alkalinity | 0.307 ** | 0.368 ** |
Conductivity | 0.207 ** | 0.178 ** |
pH | −0.276 ** | −0.212 ** |
Salinity | 0.204 ** | 0.150 * |
Temperature | n.s. | n.s. |
Biological oxygen demand | 0.331 ** | 0.256 ** |
Chemical oxygen demand | 0.165 * | n.s. |
Dissolved oxygen | −0.152 * | n.s. |
Oxygen saturation | −0.159 * | n.s. |
Total nitrogen | 0.222 ** | 0.305 ** |
Total phosphorus | n.s. | 0.180 ** |
Total organic carbon | n.s. | −0.150 * |
Silicon dioxide | 0.252 ** | 0.224 ** |
TN:TP (mol) | 0.147 * | n.s. |
Kozjak (n = 42) | Prošće (n = 42) | Vransko (n = 36) | Visovac (n = 30) | Crniševo (n = 30) | Oćuša (n = 29) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FG’s | % | % | % | % | % | % |
A | 28.58 | 6.49 | 24.31 | - | 17.04 | 31.88 |
B | 14.77 | 24.3 | 3.87 | 44.04 | - | - |
D | 6.42 | 3.66 | - | - | - | - |
T | - | - | 8.22 | - | - | - |
X3 | - | - | - | 8.85 | - | - |
X2 | 12.95 | 12.18 | 7.52 | 15.27 | 12.22 | 23.09 |
X1 | - | - | - | - | 6.59 | - |
E | 9.37 | 16.38 | 10.25 | - | - | 10.73 |
Y | 8.21 | 14.47 | - | - | - | 3 |
F | 3.63 | 9.53 | 5.13 | 9.01 | 15.46 | 8.54 |
J | - | - | - | - | - | 5.49 |
L0 | 7.19 | 4.46 | 32.6 | 13.13 | 39.16 | 9.92 |
Axis 1 | Axis 2 | |
---|---|---|
Axis summary statistics and variance in species data a | ||
Eigenvalues | 0.163 | 0.058 |
FG–environment correlations | 0.844 | 0.714 |
Cumulative percentage variance | ||
Of FG data | 16.3 | 22.1 |
Of FG–environment relation | 56.1 | 76.1 |
Correlations of environmental variables and redundancy axes b | ||
Temp | 0.611 | 0.202 |
Sal | 0.512 | 0.24 |
Secchi | −0.034 | −0.597 |
Alk | −0.568 | 0.363 |
TN | −0.653 | 0.115 |
SiO2 | −0.408 | 0.323 |
TOC | 0.502 | −0.102 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Hanžek, N.; Šiljeg, M.; Šikić, T.; Stanković, I. Phytoplankton in Deep Lakes of the Dinaric Karst: Functional Biodiversity and Main Ecological Features. Plants 2024, 13, 2252. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162252
Hanžek N, Šiljeg M, Šikić T, Stanković I. Phytoplankton in Deep Lakes of the Dinaric Karst: Functional Biodiversity and Main Ecological Features. Plants. 2024; 13(16):2252. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162252
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanžek, Nikola, Mario Šiljeg, Tanja Šikić, and Igor Stanković. 2024. "Phytoplankton in Deep Lakes of the Dinaric Karst: Functional Biodiversity and Main Ecological Features" Plants 13, no. 16: 2252. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162252