The Dynamics of Allelochemicals and Phytotoxicity in Eisenia fetida during the Decomposition of Eucalyptus grandis Litter
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Biodiversity Investigation
2.3. Leaf Litter and Soil Sampling
2.4. Earthworms
2.5. Identification of Secondary Metabolites
2.6. Acute Toxicity
2.7. Physiological Properties
2.8. Comet Assay
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Properties and Plant and Soil Biodiversity
3.2. Secondary Metabolites during E. grandis Litter Decomposition
3.3. Effects of Leaf Litter Extract on Earthworms
3.3.1. Survival Rate and Growth of E. fetida
3.3.2. Physiological Properties of E. fetida
3.4. Effect of E. grandis Leaf Litter Extract on DNA Damage in E. fetida
3.5. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stand | Soil Bulk Density | Soil pH | Soil Water Content | Soil Organic Matter | Soil Total N | Soil Available p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4a | 1.33 ± 0.08 | 3.99 ± 0.03 * | 29.38 ± 0.01 *** | 15.90 ± 0.88 | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 2.54 ± 0.24 |
8a | 1.22 ± 0.12 | 3.90 ± 0.03 | 28.99 ± 0.02 | 24.56 ± 0.58 *** | 0.91 ± 0.06 *** | 6.89 ± 0.26 *** |
Species Number | Density (Ind m−2) | Shannon– Wiener | Pielou | Berger–Parker | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant’s diversity | Shrub (4a) | 3.00 ± 0.87 | 0.51 ± 0.18 | 0.75 ± 0.14 | 0.76 ± 0.08 | 0.68 ± 0.03 *** |
Shrub (8a) | 6.50 ± 0.43 ** | 1.11 ± 0.18 * | 1.65 ± 0.05 *** | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.00 | |
Herbaceous (4a) | 7.50 ± 2.18 | 48.00 ± 18.99 | 1.57 ± 0.21 | 0.73 ± 0.06 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | |
Herbaceous (8a) | 7.75 ± 1.30 | 54.25 ± 4.63 | 1.64 ± 0.20 | 0.79 ± 0.07 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | |
Soil faunal diversity | Macrofauna (4a) | 6.42 ± 0.14 | 54.00 ± 11.27 | 1.58 ± 0.09 | 0.80 ± 0.05 | 0.40 ± 0.05 * |
Macrofauna (8a) | 7.50 ± 1.30 | 62.33 ± 19.73 | 1.79 ± 0.09 * | 0.86 ± 0.07 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | |
Microfauna (4a) | 9.08 ± 0.95 | 8441.67 ± 1203.21 | 1.66 ± 0.02 | 0.64 ± 0.07 | 0.40 ± 0.02 | |
Microfauna (8a) | 10.67 ± 0.14 | 12141.67 ± 2546.61 | 1.79 ± 0.07 * | 0.59 ± 0.05 | 0.37 ± 0.04 | |
OTUs | Shannon–Wiener | Simpson | ACE | Chao1 | ||
Soil microbial diversity | (4a) | 1623.08 ± 20.12 | 5.94 ± 0.07 | 0.99 ± 0.00 | 2474.72 ± 35.69 | 2312.38 ± 16.72 |
(8a) | 1537.58 ± 91.82 | 5.72 ± 0.17 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 2398.02 ± 127.48 | 2208.14 ± 145.15 |
Effects | R and Significance | Main Contributive Compounds for Variation |
---|---|---|
Two-way ANOSIM | ||
Forest age | (1) *** | Betaine, pipecolic acid, phenol, gamma-aminobutyric acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, eucalyptol, isoquercitrin, kaempferol, pulegone, sinapic acid, sinapoyl aldehyde, and sphinganine |
Decomposition time | (1) *** | Gamma-aminobutyric acid, phenol, pipecolic acid, betaine, catechin, chlorogenic acid, eucalyptol, isoquercitrin, kaempferol, sinapoyl aldehyde, pulegone, sinapic acid, sphinganine, and phytosphingosine |
One-way ANOSIM of forest age effects | ||
Initial | (1) * | Betaine, methyleugenol, catechin, isoquercitrin, pulegone, sinapic acid, Sphinganine, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, eucalyptol, Taraxerol, chlorogenic acid, sinapoyl aldehyde, and pipecolic acid |
After 2 months | (1) * | Betaine, pipecolic acid, phenol, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and saccharopine |
One-way ANOSIM of decomposition time effects | ||
4 years | (1) * | Betaine, 2-aminophenol, Taraxerol, gamma-aminobutyric acid, phenol, pipecolic acid, chlorogenic acid, eucalyptol, catechin, isoquercitrin, and pulegone |
8 years | (1) * | Betaine, 2-aminophenol, phenol, gamma-aminobutyric acid, Taraxerol, catechin, pipecolic acid, chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, and eucalyptol |
Survival Rate | Weight Inhibition Rate | Total Protein Content | SOD Activity | MDA Content | AChE Activity | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | |
Decomposition time | 17.476 | 0.000 *** | 5.498 | 0.000 *** | 41.199 | 0.000 *** | 69.155 | 0.000 *** | 29.708 | 0.000 *** | 43.625 | 0.000 *** |
Age | 0.129 | 0.720 | 0.088 | 0.767 | 5.130 | 0.026 * | 10.673 | 0.001 *** | 2.596 | 0.110 | 2.815 | 0.097 |
Dose | 0.587 | 0.673 | 4.680 | 0.002 ** | 3.034 | 0.021 * | 7.769 | 0.000 *** | 2.708 | 0.034 * | 6.349 | 0.000 *** |
Exposure time | 134.20 | 0.000 *** | 420.00 | 0.000 *** | 22.767 | 0.000 *** | 2.395 | 0.125 | 94.713 | 0.000 *** | 8.834 | 0.004 ** |
Age × Dose | 1.863 | 0.123 | 2.372 | 0.057 | 0.816 | 0.518 | 2.345 | 0.060 | 0.532 | 0.712 | 1.100 | 0.361 |
Age × Decomposition time | 0.662 | 0.620 | 2.455 | 0.051 | 0.905 | 0.464 | 0.865 | 0.488 | 1.065 | 0.378 | 3.667 | 0.008 ** |
Dose | Tail DNA (%) | Tail Moment | Olive Tail Moment | Tail Length | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4a | 8a | 4a | 8a | 4a | 8a | 4a | 8a | |
CK | 1.51 ± 0.81 | 1.51 ± 0.81 (ab) | 0.19 ± 0.12 | 0.19 ± 0.12 (ab) | 0.46 ± 0.21 | 0.46 ± 0.21 (ab) | 7.46 ± 2.31 | 7.46 ± 2.31 |
C1 | 1.63 ± 0.48 | 1.17 ± 0.29 (b) | 0.34 ± 0.2 | 0.12 ± 0.03 (b) | 0.50 ± 0.17 | 0.29 ± 0.07 (b) | 6.28 ± 0.69 | 5.02 ± 0.49 |
C2 | 2.16 ± 0.87 | 1.52 ± 0.13 (ab) | 0.52 ± 0.32 | 0.52 ± 0.18 (ab) | 0.75 ± 0.33 | 0.56 ± 0.04 (ab) | 9.04 ± 4.48 | 7.98 ± 1.44 |
C3 | 1.50 ± 0.54 | 2.84 ± 1.32 (ab) | 0.24 ± 0.1 | 0.79 ± 0.56 (a) | 0.46 ± 0.21 | 0.97 ± 0.55 (a) | 6.85 ± 2.02 | 11.75 ± 6.19 |
C4 | 1.03 ± 0.24 | 3.20 ± 0.74 (a)(*) | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.58 (a) | 0.27 ± 0.08 | 1.04 ± 0.27 (a)(*) | 5.33 ± 1.34 | 11.70 ± 3.28 (*) |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Zhang, D.; Lv, C.; Fan, S.; Huang, Y.; Kang, N.; Gao, S.; Chen, L. The Dynamics of Allelochemicals and Phytotoxicity in Eisenia fetida during the Decomposition of Eucalyptus grandis Litter. Plants 2024, 13, 2415. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172415
Zhang D, Lv C, Fan S, Huang Y, Kang N, Gao S, Chen L. The Dynamics of Allelochemicals and Phytotoxicity in Eisenia fetida during the Decomposition of Eucalyptus grandis Litter. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2415. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172415
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Danju, Chaoyu Lv, Shaojun Fan, Yumei Huang, Na Kang, Shun Gao, and Lianghua Chen. 2024. "The Dynamics of Allelochemicals and Phytotoxicity in Eisenia fetida during the Decomposition of Eucalyptus grandis Litter" Plants 13, no. 17: 2415. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172415