Multifunctional Pomegranate Peel Microparticles with Health-Promoting Effects for the Sustainable Development of Novel Nutraceuticals and Pharmaceuticals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Technological and Physicochemical Characterization of the Microparticles
2.1.1. Powder Yield (PY)
2.1.2. Moisture Content (MC)
2.1.3. Bulk Density
2.1.4. Rehydration
2.1.5. Particle Size Distribution
2.1.6. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
2.1.7. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.2. Phytochemical Analysis of the Microparticles
2.2.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.2.2. HPLC Analysis of Individual Compounds
2.3. Biological Evaluation of the Microparticles
2.3.1. DPPH Assay
2.3.2. In Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity
2.3.3. Antimicrobial Assay
2.3.4. In Silico Molecular Docking Study
2.4. Polyphenol Release Kinetics, Diffusion Coefficient, and Diffusion Resistance
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Chemicals
3.3. Extraction Procedure
3.4. Spray Drying Process
3.5. Determination of Technological and Physicochemical Properties of the Microparticles
3.5.1. Powder Yield
3.5.2. Moisture Content
3.5.3. Bulk and Tapped Densities, Carr Index, and Hausner Ratio
3.5.4. Rehydration and pH
3.5.5. Particle Size Distribution
3.5.6. FTIR Spectroscopy Analysis
3.5.7. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3.6. The Content of Total Polyphenols in Microparticles
3.7. HPLC Analysis of Individual Phenolic Compounds in Microparticles
3.8. Biological Evaluation of the Microparticles
3.8.1. Antioxidant Capacity—DPPH Assay
3.8.2. Hypoglycemic Activity
α-Amylase Inhibition Assay
α-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay
3.8.3. Antimicrobial Activity
3.9. Molecular Docking Analysis
3.10. In Vitro Release Study
3.11. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | PY (%) | MC (%) | ρbulk (g/mL) | ρtapped (g/mL) | CI | HR | pH | Rehydration (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 82.21 ± 3.38 a | 2.51 ± 0.15 b | 0.32 ± 0.01 a | 0.43 ± 0.01 a | 26.25 ± 1.26 a | 1.35 ± 0.05 a | 3.37 ± 0.15 a | 21.12 ± 0.75 c |
B | 78.23 ± 2.56 a | 2.43 ± 0.16 b | 0.23 ± 0.01 b | 0.28 ± 0.01 c | 17.89 ± 0.40 b | 1.22 ± 0.02 b | 3.24 ± 0.06 a | 69.85 ± 2.10 b |
C | 79.95 ± 1.93 a | 3.38 ± 0.16 a | 0.31 ± 0.01 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 b | 14.29 ± 0.26 c | 1.17 ± 0.05 b | 2.81 ± 0.13 b | 108.8 ± 3.99 a |
Samples | d10 | d50 | d90 | PDI | D [4,3] | D [3,2] | Uniformity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 1.46 ± 0.05 c | 5.05 ± 0.24 c | 10.06 ± 0.31 c | 1.70 ± 0.08 b | 5.49 ± 0.15 c | 2.64 ± 0.06 c | 0.51 ± 0.02 c |
B | 2.34 ± 0.07 a | 8.43 ± 0.41 a | 23.56 ± 0.91 a | 2.52 ± 0.12 a | 13.51 ± 0.37 a | 4.00 ± 0.09 a | 1.06 ± 0.01 a |
C | 2.01 ± 0.06 b | 7.12 ± 0.32 b | 20.58 ± 0.71 b | 2.61 ± 0.08 a | 9.96 ± 0.44 b | 3.61 ± 0.05 b | 0.87 ± 0.04 b |
Samples | T1 | T2 | ∆H1 | ∆H2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | 100.99 ± 7.96 a | 142.26 ± 9.18 c | 17.88 ± 1.83 e | 191.93 ± 18.90 a |
B | 111.70 ± 10.18 a | 150.02 ± 13.95 bc | 134.43 ± 11.57 c | 145.78 ± 13.89 a |
C | 109.12 ± 11.53 a | 146.89 ± 11.88 c | 86.72 ± 7.58 d | 77.33 ± 4.17 b |
P | 112.77 ± 7.66 a | 187.59 ± 14.48 b | 245.59 ± 21.30 a | 45.18 ± 4.13 c |
HP-β-CD | 100.31 ± 11.52 a | 328.27 ± 18.77 a | 177.93 ± 9.64 b | 48.91 ± 3.80 bc |
Sample | TPC (mg GAE/g DW) | Punicalin (mg/g DW) | Gallic Acid (mg/g DW) | Punicalagin (mg/g DW) | Ellagic Acid (mg/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 427.88 ± 9.52 a | 37.16 ± 4.85 a | 5.03 ± 0.63 a | 126.82 ± 8.78 a | 11.21 ± 1.26 a |
B | 408.98 ± 14.25 a | 34.48 ± 4.24 a | 4.41 ± 0.51 a | 117.95 ± 10.74 a | 10.03 ± 1.28 a |
C | 373.15 ± 8.38 b | 32.72 ± 3.99 a | 4.18 ± 0.34 a | 112.09 ± 13.63 a | 9.62 ± 0.94 a |
Sample | DPPH IC50 (µg/mL) | α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity IC50 (mg/mL) | α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity IC50 (µg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|
A | 6.51 ± 0.04 c | 7.73 ± 0.68 a | 0.25 ± 0.02 b |
B | 7.92 ± 0.12 a | 6.87 ± 0.52 a | 0.25 ± 0.03 b |
C | 7.60 ± 0.04 b | 8.21 ± 0.62 a | 0.46 ± 0.03 a |
Sample | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | |||||
Microorganisms | MIC (mg/mL) | MBC (mg/mL) | MIC (mg/mL) | MBC (mg/mL) | MIC (mg/mL) | MBC (mg/mL) | |
skin | E. faecalis | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
L. monocytogenes | 5 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
E. coli | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
S. Typhimurium | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
S. flexneri | 2.5 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | |
foodborne | S. aureus | 1.75 | 2.5 | 1.75 | 2.5 | 1.75 | 2.5 |
S. epidermidis | 1.75 | 2.5 | 1.75 | 2.5 | 1.75 | 2.5 | |
E. coli | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | |
P. aeruginosa | 10 | 17.5 | 15 | 20 | 15 | 17.5 | |
C. albicans | 5 | 7.5 | 10 | 15 | 10 | 12.5 | |
A. brasiliensis | 10 | 20 | 20 | 30 | 15 | 20 |
Medium | Sample | D (m2/s) | R (s/m) |
---|---|---|---|
A | 10−9 | 105 | |
SGF | B | 10−9 | 105 |
C | 10−9 | 105 | |
A | 10−9 | 105 | |
SIF | B | 10−9 | 105 |
C | 10−8 | 105 |
Parameter | Gallic Acid | Ellagic Acid | Punicalin | Punicalagin |
---|---|---|---|---|
LOD (μg/mL) | 6.25 | 12.50 | 8.25 | 12.50 |
LOQ (μg/mL) | 18.50 | 30.20 | 20.55 | 20.50 |
Linear range (μg/mL) | 50–800 | 35–560 | 50–800 | 50–800 |
R2 | 0.9995 | 0.9998 | 0.9996 | 0.9998 |
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Radan, M.; Ćujić Nikolić, N.; Kuzmanović Nedeljković, S.; Mutavski, Z.; Krgović, N.; Stević, T.; Marković, S.; Jovanović, A.; Živković, J.; Šavikin, K. Multifunctional Pomegranate Peel Microparticles with Health-Promoting Effects for the Sustainable Development of Novel Nutraceuticals and Pharmaceuticals. Plants 2024, 13, 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020281
Radan M, Ćujić Nikolić N, Kuzmanović Nedeljković S, Mutavski Z, Krgović N, Stević T, Marković S, Jovanović A, Živković J, Šavikin K. Multifunctional Pomegranate Peel Microparticles with Health-Promoting Effects for the Sustainable Development of Novel Nutraceuticals and Pharmaceuticals. Plants. 2024; 13(2):281. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020281
Chicago/Turabian StyleRadan, Milica, Nada Ćujić Nikolić, Snežana Kuzmanović Nedeljković, Zorana Mutavski, Nemanja Krgović, Tatjana Stević, Smilja Marković, Aleksandra Jovanović, Jelena Živković, and Katarina Šavikin. 2024. "Multifunctional Pomegranate Peel Microparticles with Health-Promoting Effects for the Sustainable Development of Novel Nutraceuticals and Pharmaceuticals" Plants 13, no. 2: 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020281