Arabinogalactan-Proteins from the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L., a Member of a Basal Land Plant Lineage, Are Structurally Different to Those of Angiosperms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Isolation of Different Fractions of the Cell Wall
2.3. Isolation of AGP
2.4. Gel Diffusion Assay
2.5. Hydrolysis of AGP with Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA)
2.6. Determination of Uronic Acids
2.7. Analysis of Neutral Monosaccharides
2.8. Structure Elucidation of Arabinogalactan Moiety
2.9. Elemental Analysis
2.10. Determination of Hyp Content
2.11. Determination of Molecular Weight
2.12. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Isolation of Different Fractions of the Cell Wall
3.2. Isolation and Characterization of AGPs
3.2.1. Yield and Gel Diffusion Assay
3.2.2. Analyses of the Protein Moiety
3.2.3. Analyses of the Carbohydrate Moiety
3.2.4. Structure of AGP
3.2.5. Determination of Molecular Weight by Size-Exclusion Chromatography
3.3. Reactivity of M. polymorpha AGP with Antibodies Directed against Angiosperm AGPs in ELISA
3.4. Functions of AGPs in Bryophytes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Neutral Monosaccharide | M. polymorpha HMF (n = 3) | M. polymorpha (NH4)2C2O4 (n = 3) | M. polymorpha Na2CO3 (n = 3) | M. polymorpha KOH (n = 3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3-O-Me-Rha | 1.6 | ±0.3 | 1.1 | ±0.0 | 1.0 | ±0.1 | trace | |
Rha | 4.8 | ±0.1 | 5.7 | ±1.3 | 11.5 | ±0.7 | 7.0 | ±0.1 |
Fuc | 5.7 | ±0.0 | 5.3 | ±0.1 | 3.2 | ±0.3 | 2.4 | ±0.0 |
Rib (?) | trace | 4.6 | ±0.0 | trace | trace | |||
Ara | 17.7 | ±0.1 | 16.0 | ±0.3 | 24.7 | ±0.8 | 17.3 | ±0.1 |
Xyl | 11.2 | ±0.3 | 10.7 | ±0.1 | 4.9 | ±4.1 | 15.1 | ±0.4 |
Man | 6.8 | ±0.2 | 7.8 | ±0.1 | 8.9 | ±0.4 | 10.6 | ±0.2 |
Gal | 20.1 | ±0.5 | 17.5 | ±0.3 | 33.0 | ±1.7 | 24.1 | ±0.1 |
Glc | 32.2 | ±0.3 | 31.3 | ±0.3 | 12.9 | ±0.6 | 23.3 | ±0.3 |
M. polymorpha | Uronic Acids |
---|---|
HMF | 4.2 ± 0.3 |
(NH4)2C2O4 | 11.4 ± 0.2 |
Na2CO3 | 4.9 ± 0.2 |
KOH | 7.8 ± 0.0 |
Neutral Monosaccharide | M. polymorpha Yariv Fraction (n = 3) | M. polymorpha Yariv Supernatant (n = 3) | M. polymorpha Yariv Fraction TFA Hydrolysis (n = 1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gal | 46.9 | ± 0.3 | 23.4 | ± 0.1 | 79.6 |
Ara | 31.6 | ± 0.5 | 22.7 | ± 0.1 | 2.1 |
Glc | 9.5 | ± 0.7 | 9.4 | ± 0.2 | 10.3 |
3-O-Me-Rha | 2.5 | ± 0.2 | 2.1 | ± 0.2 | 1.5 |
Rha | 2.4 | ± 0.1 | 8.0 | ± 0.1 | 1.6 |
Rib (?) | 2.1 | ± 0.1 | trace | - | |
Fuc | 1.8 | ± 0.1 | 8.9 | ± 0.1 | trace |
Xyl | 1.6 | ± 0.1 | 17.8 | ± 0.2 | 2.7 |
Man | 1.6 | ± 0.0 | 7.6 | ± 0.1 | 2.0 |
Liverwort | Mosses | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Neutral Monosaccharide % (w/w) | Marchantia polymorpha | Sphagnum sp. * | Physcomitrella patens * | Polytrichastrum formosum * |
Gal | 46.9 | 65.4 | 41.0 | 64.1 |
Ara | 31.6 | 9.7 | 33.3 | 15.6 |
Rha | 2.4 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 8.4 |
3-O-Me-Rha | 2.5 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 2.6 |
others | 16.6 | 9.7 | 12.3 | 9.3 |
Ara:Gal | 1:1.5 | 1:6.7 | 1:1.2 | 1:4.1 |
Monosaccharide | Linkage Type | M. polymorpha AGP | M. polymorpha AGP after Partial Acid (TFA) Hydrolysis |
---|---|---|---|
Galp | 1,3,6- | 27.1 | 20.6 |
1,6- | - | 25.0 | |
1,4- | 4.3 | 17.4 | |
1,3- | 19.2 | 14.3 | |
1- | - | 22.7 | |
Araf | 1,5- | 2.7 | - |
1,3- | 4.3 | - | |
1- | 36.3 | - | |
Rhap | 1,2,4- | 1.5 | - |
1,4- | 2.4 | - | |
1- | 2.2 | - |
Antibody | Epitope | Key References |
---|---|---|
JIM13 | AGP glycan, e.g., β-D-GlcAp-(1→3)-α-D-GalAp-(1→2)-α-L-Rha | [52,53,54] |
MAC 207 | AGP glycan, e.g., β-D-GlcAp-(1→3)-α-D-GalAp-(1→2)-α-L-Rha | [53,54,55] |
KM1 | (1→6)-β-D-Galp units in AGs type II | [30,56] |
LM2 | (1→6)-β-D-Galp units with terminal ß-D-GlcAp in AGP | [53,56,57] |
LM6 | (1→5)-α-L-Araf oligomers in arabinan or AGP | [50,56,58,59] |
LM14 | Type II AG in pectin or AGP glycan | [60] |
LM26 | Branched (1→4)-β-D-galactan | [61] |
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Happ, K.; Classen, B. Arabinogalactan-Proteins from the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L., a Member of a Basal Land Plant Lineage, Are Structurally Different to Those of Angiosperms. Plants 2019, 8, 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110460
Happ K, Classen B. Arabinogalactan-Proteins from the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L., a Member of a Basal Land Plant Lineage, Are Structurally Different to Those of Angiosperms. Plants. 2019; 8(11):460. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110460
Chicago/Turabian StyleHapp, Kathrin, and Birgit Classen. 2019. "Arabinogalactan-Proteins from the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L., a Member of a Basal Land Plant Lineage, Are Structurally Different to Those of Angiosperms" Plants 8, no. 11: 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110460