Figure 1.
Effect of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on salt sensitivity index (SI) for final germination percentage (FGP), noted SI(FGP), of M. ciliaris populations (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773) compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int), and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The values are the average of 10 seeds replicated 5 times.
Figure 1.
Effect of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on salt sensitivity index (SI) for final germination percentage (FGP), noted SI(FGP), of M. ciliaris populations (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773) compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int), and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The values are the average of 10 seeds replicated 5 times.
Figure 2.
Effect of different concentrations of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on DW (g plant−1) of the seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773) compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut) The means are averages of 25 plants (5 plants/n = 5 repetitions for each salt treatment). The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 2.
Effect of different concentrations of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on DW (g plant−1) of the seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773) compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut) The means are averages of 25 plants (5 plants/n = 5 repetitions for each salt treatment). The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 3.
Effect of different concentrations of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on epicotyl length (cm) of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of 25 plants (5 plants/n = 5 repetitions for each salt treatment). The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 3.
Effect of different concentrations of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on epicotyl length (cm) of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of 25 plants (5 plants/n = 5 repetitions for each salt treatment). The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 4.
Effect of different concentrations of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on radicle length (cm) of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of 25 plants (5 plants/n = 5 repetitions for each salt treatment). The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 4.
Effect of different concentrations of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on radicle length (cm) of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of 25 plants (5 plants/n = 5 repetitions for each salt treatment). The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 5.
Effect of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on sensitivity index SI (SI(DW)) for growth of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int), and one population of M. scutellata (M. Scut). The means are averages of 25 plants (5 plants/n = 5 repetitions for each salt treatment). The error bars show standard deviation; p < 0.05.
Figure 5.
Effect of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on sensitivity index SI (SI(DW)) for growth of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int), and one population of M. scutellata (M. Scut). The means are averages of 25 plants (5 plants/n = 5 repetitions for each salt treatment). The error bars show standard deviation; p < 0.05.
Figure 6.
Effect of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on tolerance index (TI). Tolerance index of Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, and 773, compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of 25 plants (5 plants/n = 5 repetitions for each salt treatment). The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 6.
Effect of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on tolerance index (TI). Tolerance index of Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, and 773, compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of 25 plants (5 plants/n = 5 repetitions for each salt treatment). The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 7.
Effect of salt stress concentrations (0, 50,100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on proline content in leaves for seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), one population of M. intertexta (M. int), and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of n = 5. The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 7.
Effect of salt stress concentrations (0, 50,100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on proline content in leaves for seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), one population of M. intertexta (M. int), and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of n = 5. The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 8.
Effect of salt stress concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on leaf sugar content for seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of n = 5. The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 8.
Effect of salt stress concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on leaf sugar content for seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of n = 5. The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s post hoc test.
Figure 9.
Ordination diagram (Principal Component Analysis). The bi-plot displays the populations and measured properties of plants. The first and second axes together explain 69.6% of variance. The concentrations of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) are shown by the color intensity of the symbol that represents the type of population (table in graph). Chl—chlorophyll; SU—sugar; SL—epicotyl; Pro—proline; RL—radicle; DW—dry weight; TI—Tolerance Index.
Figure 9.
Ordination diagram (Principal Component Analysis). The bi-plot displays the populations and measured properties of plants. The first and second axes together explain 69.6% of variance. The concentrations of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) are shown by the color intensity of the symbol that represents the type of population (table in graph). Chl—chlorophyll; SU—sugar; SL—epicotyl; Pro—proline; RL—radicle; DW—dry weight; TI—Tolerance Index.
Figure 10.
Protocol for germination test of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut) under salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl equivalent to 5.9, 11, 16.5, 20 mMohs/cm at Temperature 25 °C).
Figure 10.
Protocol for germination test of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut) under salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl equivalent to 5.9, 11, 16.5, 20 mMohs/cm at Temperature 25 °C).
Table 1.
Final germination percentage (FGP) under salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of 10 seeds and 5 replications. Different letters indicate in the same column a significant difference at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Table 1.
Final germination percentage (FGP) under salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of 10 seeds and 5 replications. Different letters indicate in the same column a significant difference at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Populations | Salt Concentration |
---|
0 mM | 50 mM | 100 mM | 150 mM | 200 mM |
---|
Pop1 | 98a | 70bc | 63bc | 34de | 22bc |
Pop2 | 100a | 100a | 85ab | 88a | 24bc |
Pop3 | 100a | 66.7bc | 57c | 54cd | 38.4b |
306 | 95ab | 85ab | 65c | 44cde | 16c |
355 | 80bc | 86.7ab | 83abc | 78ab | 21bc |
667 | 62.5d | 75bc | 80bc | 40cde | 26.4bc |
773 | 95ab | 56.7c | 63bc | 42cde | 30.4bc |
M. scut | 67.5cd | 70bc | 90ab | 60bc | 21bc |
M. int | 100a | 100a | 95a | 46e | - |
Table 2.
Variance analysis for final germination percentage (FGP) of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut).
Table 2.
Variance analysis for final germination percentage (FGP) of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut).
Factors | Average | Sum Square | Average Square | F | p |
---|
salt concentration(S) | 60.7 | 179,795.5556 | 35,959.1111 | 180.05 | <0.0001 |
Population (Pop) | | 15,020 | 1877.5000 | 9.40 | <0.0001 |
Repetition (Rep) | | 739.2593 | 184.8148 | 0.93 | 0.4501 |
Salt×Pop | | 42,984.4444 | 1074.6111 | 5.38 | <0.0001 |
Table 3.
Germination rate (T50) under salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), one population of M. intertexta (M. int), and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The values are the averages of 10 seeds and five replications. Different letters indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Table 3.
Germination rate (T50) under salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) of seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), one population of M. intertexta (M. int), and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The values are the averages of 10 seeds and five replications. Different letters indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05, Tukey’s post hoc test.
Population | NaCl Concentration |
---|
0 mM | 50 mM | 100 mM | 150 mM | 200 mM |
---|
Pop1 | 1.8ab | 2.2a | 1.8ab | 1.2a | 1.6a |
Pop2 | 1.2b | 1.6a | 1b | 1.4a | 3a |
Pop3 | 1.6ab | 2.8a | 3.6a | 3.6a | 2.6a |
306 | 1.6ab | 2.2a | 3.6a | 2.6a | 1.6a |
355 | 1.8ab | 1.8a | 1d | 3.4a | 1.2a |
667 | 2a | 2.2a | 2.2bc | 3a | 2.6a |
773 | 1.2b | 1.2a | 1.6cd | 2.8a | 1.4a |
M. scut | 1.8ab | 1.6a | 2.8ab | 3.4a | 3.4a |
M. int | 1.6ab | 1.2a | 1.2cd | 2a | 3.4a |
Means of treatments (n = 10 seeds/5 repetitions) | 1.7b | 1.9b | 2.3ab | 2.6a | 2.3ab |
Table 4.
The two-way ANOVA applied to growth parameters for seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of 25 plants.
Table 4.
The two-way ANOVA applied to growth parameters for seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of 25 plants.
Characteristic | MS Populations | MS Salt Stress | MS Interaction | F Population | F Salt Stress | F Interaction |
---|
DW g plant−1 | 0.004556 | 0.049997 | 0.002733 | 8.918**** | 97.872**** | 5.360**** |
Epicotyl (cm) | 4.477 | 7.454 | 1.508 | 17.219**** | 28.670**** | 5.800**** |
Radicle (cm) | 21.744 | 60.324 | 2.104 | 54.885**** | 152.262**** | 5.310**** |
Table 5.
Effect of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on leaf chlorophyll content for seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of n = 5. The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s post hoc test.
Table 5.
Effect of salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) on leaf chlorophyll content for seven populations of M. ciliaris (Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, 306, 355, 667, 773), compared to one population of M. intertexta (M. int) and one population of M. scutellata (M. scut). The means are averages of n = 5. The standard deviation annotated by different lower-case letters in the same stress type indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s post hoc test.
NaCl Concentration (mM) | Populations |
---|
Pop1 | Pop2 | Pop3 | 306 | 355 | 667 | 773 | M. int | M. Scut |
---|
Chl a |
0 | 1.09 ± 0.03c | 0.72 ± 0.03d | 0.52 ± 0.02e | 2.34 ± 0.02a | 0.3 ± 0.02f | 1.21 ± 0.06b | 0.57 ± 0.01e | 0.34 ± 0.02f | 0.53 ± 0.01e |
50 | 0.71 ± 0.01c | 0.48 ± 0.02e | 0.24 ± 0.003g | 1.17 ± 0.01a | 0.60 ± 0.01d | 0.58 ± 0.03d | 1.14 ± 0.01a | 0.78 ± 0.01b | 0.29 ± 0.04f |
100 | 1.23 ± 0.03c | 0.53 ± 0.003g | 0.24 ± 0.02h | 0.68 ± 0.01f | 0.93 ± 0.04d | 0.76 ± 0.02e | 1.30 ± 0.03b | 1.57 ± 0.01a | 0.49 ± 0.01g |
150 | 0.72 ± 0.005c | 0.73 ± 0.01c | 0.36 ± 0.01f | 0.61 ± 0.03de | 0.57 ± 0.01e | 1.37 ± 0.01a | 0.92 ± 0.005b | 0.24 ± 0.03g | 0.65 ± 0.01d |
200 | 0.36 ± 0.01f | 1.11 ± 0.02a | 0.15 ± 0.01h | 0.26 ± 0.01g | 0.49 ± 0.02e | 0.87 ± 0.01d | 0.96 ± 0.005c | 1.03 ± 0.005b | 0.48 ± 0.05e |
Chl b |
| 0.47 ± 0.02e | 0.12 ± 0.02f | 0.69 ± 0.01d | 0.70 ± 0.04d | 0.74 ± 0.03d | 1.49 ± 0.03a | 1.20 ± 0.03c | 1.370.05b | 0.410.02e |
50 | 0.19 ± 0.02c | 0.19 ± 0.03c | 0.42 ± 0.03b | 0.95 ± 0.004a | 0.45 ± 0.01b | 0.13 ± 0.01d | 0.92 ± 0.02a | 0.13 ± 0.01d | 0.15 ± 0.01dc |
100 | 1.15 ± 0.05a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 0.34 ± 0.01d | 0.52 ± 0.04c | 0.25 ± 0.03e | 0.42 ± 0.07d | 0.76 ± 0.03b | 0.34 ± 0.01d | 0.15 ± 0.04f |
150 | 0.17 ± 0.01d | 0.52 ± 0.02c | 0.03 ± 0.01d | 0.75 ± 0.09b | 2.24 ± 0.18a | 0.77 ± 0.01b | 0.080.01d | 0.21 ± 0.03d | 0.130.02d |
200 | 0.149 ± 0.01a | 1.16 ± 0.02bc | 0.50 ± 0.02e | 0.59 ± 0.03e | 1.16 ± 0.08bc | 0.50 ± 0.02e | 1.25 ± 0.01b | 1.11 ± 0.01c | 0.74 ± 0.01d |
Tot Chl |
0 | 1.56 ± 0.02e | 0.83 ± 0.01i | 1.21 ± 0.04f | 3.04 ± 0.02a | 1.04 ± 0.01g | 2.71 ± 0.02b | 1.77 ± 0.03c | 1.71 ± 0.02d | 0.94 ± 0.03h |
50 | 0.90 ± 0.01d | 0.77 ± 0.003f | 0.66 ± 0.03f | 2.12 ± 0.01a | 1.05 ± 0.003c | 0.71 ± 0.02e | 2.05 ± 0.01b | 0.91 ± 0.01d | 0.44 ± 0.01g |
100 | 2.38 ± 0.02a | 1.31 ± 0.02d | 0.76 ± 0.01f | 1.20 ± 0.03c | 1.18 ± 0.01e | 1.18 ± 0.04e | 2.06 ± 0.04b | 1.99 ± 0.04c | 0.64 ± 0.04g |
150 | 0.88 ± 0.01de | 1.25 ± 0.005c | 0.39 ± 0.005f | 1.36 ± 0.09c | 2.86 ± 0.17a | 2.14 ± 0.01b | 1 ± 0.005d | 0.45 ± 0.01f | 0.79 ± 0.01c |
200 | 1.86 ± 0.01f | 2.27 ± 0.05b | 0.65 ± 0.02ef | 0.85 ± 0.06d | 1.65 ± 0.06de | 1.37 ± 0.02a | 2.21 ± 0.01c | 2.14 ± 0.01b | 1.22 ± 0.01c |
Table 6.
Geographical origins and characteristics of the studied populations of
Medicago ciliaris,
Medicago scutellata, and
Medicago intertexta [
55].
Table 6.
Geographical origins and characteristics of the studied populations of
Medicago ciliaris,
Medicago scutellata, and
Medicago intertexta [
55].
Species/Populations | Code /NGBT* | Province | Alt (m) | AAR*** (mm) | Tmax (°C) | Tmin (°C) | CE (mM/cm) |
---|
Medicago ciliaris | |
Pop1 | 9151 | Raoued El Hessiane | 5.75 | 398.5 | 35.1 | 5.4 | 0.39 |
Pop2 | 9152 | Kalaat El Andalous | 5.85 | 398.5 | 35.1 | 5.4 | 0.41 |
Pop3 | 9153 | Ghar El Melh | 6.19 | 497.8 | 32.9 | 6.7 | 0.16 |
306 | 9141 | Siliana | 575 | 341.1 | 38.6 | 1.6 | 0.27 |
355 | 9142 | Dougga | 320 | 493.5 | 21.7 | 9.9 | 0.24 |
667 | 9143 | Zaghouan | 300 | 496 | 32.6 | 6.7 | 2.41 |
773 | 9144 | Mateur 1 | 5 | 527.1 | 33.4 | 4.9 | 0.74 |
Medicago scutellata | Wafra* | Saîda/Manouba | 114 | 450 | 45 | 6 | - |
Medicago intertexta** | - | SidiAissa/Nabeul | 120 | 358 | 36 | 8.4 | - |