Figure 1.
Averaged daily variability of a temperature-time function during four seasons on the example of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (43°40′38″ N, 79°37′50″ W). Diurnal Extrema Timing minimum is denoted as tn, while Diurnal Extrema Timing maximum is denoted as tx. Abbreviations: Win represents Winter, Spr represents Spring, Sum represents Summer, and Fal represents Fall.
Figure 1.
Averaged daily variability of a temperature-time function during four seasons on the example of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (43°40′38″ N, 79°37′50″ W). Diurnal Extrema Timing minimum is denoted as tn, while Diurnal Extrema Timing maximum is denoted as tx. Abbreviations: Win represents Winter, Spr represents Spring, Sum represents Summer, and Fal represents Fall.
Figure 2.
Comparison of COW0–24 and COWN–D observing windows. Linear temperature tracking highlights the effect of the choice of a diurnal observing window on the accuracy of temperature extrema identification. Gray solid lines represent measured hourly temperature, while red and blue lines correspond to linearly interpolated temperatures based on COW0–24 and COWN–D extrema. Hatched areas represent the duration of nighttime, while vertical yellow lines indicate sunrise. The COW0–24 days extend between consecutive midnights (vertical black dotted lines), while COWN–D days extend between consecutive sunrises (vertical solid yellow lines).
Figure 2.
Comparison of COW0–24 and COWN–D observing windows. Linear temperature tracking highlights the effect of the choice of a diurnal observing window on the accuracy of temperature extrema identification. Gray solid lines represent measured hourly temperature, while red and blue lines correspond to linearly interpolated temperatures based on COW0–24 and COWN–D extrema. Hatched areas represent the duration of nighttime, while vertical yellow lines indicate sunrise. The COW0–24 days extend between consecutive midnights (vertical black dotted lines), while COWN–D days extend between consecutive sunrises (vertical solid yellow lines).
Figure 3.
The map of twenty-four locations of weather stations used in this study presented on the map of Canadian climate regions (source: Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service, Climate Research Branch, 1998, Climate Trends and Variation Bulletin for Canada, Ottawa).
Figure 3.
The map of twenty-four locations of weather stations used in this study presented on the map of Canadian climate regions (source: Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service, Climate Research Branch, 1998, Climate Trends and Variation Bulletin for Canada, Ottawa).
Figure 4.
Approach for diurnal air temperature analysis and comparison of COW0–24 and COWN–D methods.
Figure 4.
Approach for diurnal air temperature analysis and comparison of COW0–24 and COWN–D methods.
Figure 5.
The approach for the DET analysis is based on the COWN–D extrema sequence.
Figure 5.
The approach for the DET analysis is based on the COWN–D extrema sequence.
Figure 6.
Histograms of conformity of COW0–24 and COWN–D reproduced temperature with observed 66 year-long hourly temperature data from the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region at Toronto (a), Trenton (b), Ottawa (c), and Montreal (d) stations.
Figure 6.
Histograms of conformity of COW0–24 and COWN–D reproduced temperature with observed 66 year-long hourly temperature data from the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region at Toronto (a), Trenton (b), Ottawa (c), and Montreal (d) stations.
Figure 7.
Effect of the observing window on long-term air temperature averaging for the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region at Toronto (a), Trenton (b), Ottawa (c), and Montreal (d) stations. Annually averaged diurnal air temperature minima, maxima, and Min-Max averages obtained with COW0–24 and COWN–D air temperature approximating methods.
Figure 7.
Effect of the observing window on long-term air temperature averaging for the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region at Toronto (a), Trenton (b), Ottawa (c), and Montreal (d) stations. Annually averaged diurnal air temperature minima, maxima, and Min-Max averages obtained with COW0–24 and COWN–D air temperature approximating methods.
Figure 8.
Time evolution of diurnal extrema timing histograms for the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region, at Toronto (a,b), and Trenton (c,d) stations. Migration of Before Midnight Minima (BMMtn) to After Midnight Minima (AMMtn) and Migration of Before Noon Maxima (BNMtx) to After Noon Maxima (ANMtx) between four-year averages at the beginning (1953–1956) and ending (2015–2018) of data ranges. The blue dotted line represents midnight delineation (left) and noon delineation (right).
Figure 8.
Time evolution of diurnal extrema timing histograms for the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region, at Toronto (a,b), and Trenton (c,d) stations. Migration of Before Midnight Minima (BMMtn) to After Midnight Minima (AMMtn) and Migration of Before Noon Maxima (BNMtx) to After Noon Maxima (ANMtx) between four-year averages at the beginning (1953–1956) and ending (2015–2018) of data ranges. The blue dotted line represents midnight delineation (left) and noon delineation (right).
Figure 9.
Time evolution of diurnal extrema timing histograms for the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region, at Ottawa (a,b), and Montreal (c,d) stations. Migration of Before Midnight Minima (BMMtn) to After Midnight Minima (AMMtn) and Migration of Before Noon Maxima (BNMtx) to After Noon Maxima (ANMtx) between four-year averages at the beginning (1953–1956) and ending (2015–2018) of data ranges. The blue dotted line represents midnight delineation (left) and noon delineation (right).
Figure 9.
Time evolution of diurnal extrema timing histograms for the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region, at Ottawa (a,b), and Montreal (c,d) stations. Migration of Before Midnight Minima (BMMtn) to After Midnight Minima (AMMtn) and Migration of Before Noon Maxima (BNMtx) to After Noon Maxima (ANMtx) between four-year averages at the beginning (1953–1956) and ending (2015–2018) of data ranges. The blue dotted line represents midnight delineation (left) and noon delineation (right).
Figure 10.
Annually averaged DET AMMtn trends of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region with notable LOESS trends, indicating positive shifts in the After Midnight Minima timing occurrence.
Figure 10.
Annually averaged DET AMMtn trends of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region with notable LOESS trends, indicating positive shifts in the After Midnight Minima timing occurrence.
Figure 11.
Annually averaged DET ANMtx trends of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region with variable positive shifts in After Noon Maxima timing occurrence.
Figure 11.
Annually averaged DET ANMtx trends of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Lowlands climate region with variable positive shifts in After Noon Maxima timing occurrence.
Figure 12.
The CPSI of temperature minima (
upper row values) and maxima (
lower row values) of study locations within the range of influence of large-scale teleconnections affecting the climate of Canada. The CPSI indices are expressed in percentages and presented on color-coded fields corresponding to the colors of shading selected for identifying Canadian climate regions from
Figure 3. The map of Canada with regions impacted by large climatic patterns (Adapted from
Large-Scale Climate Oscillations Influencing Canada, 1900–2008 by Bonsal and Shabbar, 2011. Copyright 2011 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada).
Figure 12.
The CPSI of temperature minima (
upper row values) and maxima (
lower row values) of study locations within the range of influence of large-scale teleconnections affecting the climate of Canada. The CPSI indices are expressed in percentages and presented on color-coded fields corresponding to the colors of shading selected for identifying Canadian climate regions from
Figure 3. The map of Canada with regions impacted by large climatic patterns (Adapted from
Large-Scale Climate Oscillations Influencing Canada, 1900–2008 by Bonsal and Shabbar, 2011. Copyright 2011 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada).
Figure 13.
The CPSI of Diurnal Extrema Timing (DET) for minima (upper row values) and maxima (lower row values) indices of study locations within the range of Canadian climatic patterns. The map of Canada with regions impacted by large climatic patterns (Adapted from Large-Scale Climate Oscillations Influencing Canada, 1900-2008 by Bonsal and Shabbar, 2011. Copyright 2011 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada).
Figure 13.
The CPSI of Diurnal Extrema Timing (DET) for minima (upper row values) and maxima (lower row values) indices of study locations within the range of Canadian climatic patterns. The map of Canada with regions impacted by large climatic patterns (Adapted from Large-Scale Climate Oscillations Influencing Canada, 1900-2008 by Bonsal and Shabbar, 2011. Copyright 2011 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada).
Table 1.
List of weather stations used in the study. All temperature data examined in this study represent hourly measurements obtained from Canadian international or regional airports using consistent observation standards. Hourly temperature data range from the year 1953 to 2018 for most stations.
Table 1.
List of weather stations used in the study. All temperature data examined in this study represent hourly measurements obtained from Canadian international or regional airports using consistent observation standards. Hourly temperature data range from the year 1953 to 2018 for most stations.
Provinces & Territories | Location | Latitude (°N) | Longitude (°W) | Data Range | Missing Data (%) |
---|
Alberta | Calgary | 51.1139 | 114.0203 | 1953–2018 | 0.04 |
| Cold Lake | 54.4167 | 110.2833 | 1955–2018 | 0.10 |
| Fort McMurray | 56.6500 | 111.2167 | 1953–2018 | 0.35 |
British Columbia | Vancouver | 49.1950 | 123.1819 | 1953–2018 | 0.03 |
| Victoria | 48.6472 | 123.4258 | 1953–2018 | 0.07 |
Manitoba | Churchill | 58.7392 | 94.0664 | 1953–2018 | 0.17 |
| Winnipeg | 49.9167 | 97.2333 | 1953–2018 | 0.06 |
New Brunswick | Fredericton | 45.8776 | 66.5279 | 1953–2018 | 0.13 |
| Moncton | 46.1053 | 64.6838 | 1953–2018 | 0.03 |
Newfoundland & Labrador | Goose | 53.7083 | 57.0350 | 1953–2018 | 0.06 |
| St. John’s | 47.6222 | 52.7428 | 1959–2018 | 0.05 |
Nova Scotia | Greenwood | 44.9833 | 64.9167 | 1953–2018 | 0.05 |
| Yarmouth | 43.8308 | 66.0886 | 1953–2018 | 0.16 |
Ontario | Ottawa | 45.3225 | 75.6692 | 1953–2018 | 0.05 |
| Toronto | 43.6772 | 79.6306 | 1953–2018 | 0.03 |
| Trenton | 44.1167 | 77.5333 | 1953–2018 | 1.49 |
Prince Edward Island | Charlottetown | 46.1719 | 63.0743 | 1953–2018 | 0.13 |
Quebec | Bagotville | 48.3333 | 71.0000 | 1953–2018 | 0.04 |
| Montreal | 45.2814 | 73.4427 | 1953–2018 | 0.03 |
Saskatchewan | Estevan | 49.2167 | 102.9667 | 1953–2018 | 0.07 |
| Saskatoon | 52.1667 | 106.7167 | 1953–2018 | 0.06 |
Northwest Territories | Yellowknife | 62.2746 | 114.2625 | 1953–2018 | 0.05 |
Nunavut | Baker Lake | 64.2989 | 96.0778 | 1963–2018 | 0.69 |
Yukon | Whitehorse | 60.7094 | 135.0686 | 1953–2018 | 0.04 |
Table 2.
The mean and standard deviation of COW
0–24 and COW
N–D error distributions presented in
Figure 6 and
Appendix A.
Table 2.
The mean and standard deviation of COW
0–24 and COW
N–D error distributions presented in
Figure 6 and
Appendix A.
Provinces & Territories | Location | COW0–24 | COWN–D |
---|
| | Mean (°C) | Std Dev (°C) | Mean (°C) | Std Dev (°C) |
---|
Alberta | Calgary | −0.49 | 2.68 | −0.18 | 1.98 |
| Cold Lake | −0.30 | 2.14 | −0.11 | 1.56 |
| Fort McMurray | −0.33 | 2.45 | −0.12 | 1.77 |
British Columbia | Vancouver | −0.54 | 1.99 | −0.15 | 1.42 |
| Victoria | −0.32 | 1.44 | −0.09 | 1.04 |
Manitoba | Churchill | −0.31 | 1.83 | −0.14 | 1.50 |
| Winnipeg | −0.36 | 2.41 | −0.09 | 1.67 |
New Brunswick | Fredericton | −0.48 | 2.20 | −0.30 | 1.62 |
| Moncton | −0.53 | 2.09 | −0.27 | 1.50 |
Newfoundland & Labrador | Goose | −0.44 | 1.93 | −0.21 | 1.45 |
| St. John’s | −0.70 | 1.82 | −0.35 | 1.35 |
Nova Scotia | Greenwood | −0.54 | 2.14 | −0.23 | 1.55 |
| Yarmouth | −0.52 | 1.75 | −0.23 | 1.30 |
Ontario | Ottawa | −0.37 | 1.91 | −0.18 | 1.41 |
| Toronto | −0.44 | 2.05 | −0.18 | 1.45 |
| Trenton | −0.36 | 2.09 | −0.07 | 1.53 |
Prince Edward Island | Charlottetown | −0.49 | 1.77 | −0.24 | 1.31 |
Quebec | Bagotville | −0.50 | 2.17 | −0.26 | 1.64 |
| Montreal | −0.28 | 1.83 | −0.06 | 1.36 |
Saskatchewan | Estevan | −0.52 | 2.65 | −0.30 | 1.89 |
| Saskatoon | −0.36 | 2.48 | −0.17 | 1.77 |
Northwest Territories | Yellowknife | −0.13 | 1.70 | −0.05 | 1.40 |
Nunavut | Baker Lake | −0.08 | 1.59 | −0.05 | 1.42 |
Yukon | Whitehorse | −0.12 | 1.97 | −0.04 | 1.58 |
Canadian Averages | | −0.40 | 2.07 | −0.17 | 1.53 |
Table 3.
Discrepancies between COW0–24 and COWN–D annual averages of diurnal temperature indices. All temperature data examined in this study represent hourly measurements obtained from Canadian international or regional airports using consistent observation standards. Large differences in temperature trends and discrepancies between individual data sets are the result of regional climate differences. ΔTmin represents differences between COW0–24 and COWN–D minima, while ΔTmax represents differences between COW0–24 and COWN–D maxima. MMA stands for Min-Max Averages, while DTR stands for the Diurnal Temperature Range.
Table 3.
Discrepancies between COW0–24 and COWN–D annual averages of diurnal temperature indices. All temperature data examined in this study represent hourly measurements obtained from Canadian international or regional airports using consistent observation standards. Large differences in temperature trends and discrepancies between individual data sets are the result of regional climate differences. ΔTmin represents differences between COW0–24 and COWN–D minima, while ΔTmax represents differences between COW0–24 and COWN–D maxima. MMA stands for Min-Max Averages, while DTR stands for the Diurnal Temperature Range.
Provinces & Territories | Location | ΔTmin | ΔTmax | ΔMMA | ΔDTR |
---|
| | (°C) | (°C) | (°C) | (°C) |
---|
Alberta | Calgary | −0.74 | 0.35 | −0.19 | 1.01 |
| Cold Lake | −0.70 | 0.32 | −0.19 | 1.02 |
| Fort McMurray | −0.89 | 0.37 | −0.25 | 1.25 |
British Columbia | Vancouver | −0.27 | 0.08 | −0.10 | 0.35 |
| Victoria | −0.36 | 0.08 | −0.14 | 0.44 |
Manitoba | Churchill | −0.87 | 0.75 | −0.05 | 1.62 |
| Winnipeg | −0.96 | 0.44 | −0.26 | 1.40 |
New Brunswick | Fredericton | −0.82 | 0.33 | −0.25 | 1.15 |
| Moncton | −0.82 | 0.39 | −0.22 | 1.21 |
Newfoundland & Labrador | Goose | −0.79 | 0.48 | −0.16 | 1.26 |
| St. John’s | −0.72 | 0.50 | −0.11 | 1.22 |
Nova Scotia | Greenwood | −0.82 | 0.42 | −0.20 | 1.25 |
| Yarmouth | −0.59 | 0.43 | −0.08 | 1.02 |
Ontario | Ottawa | −0.69 | 0.39 | −0.15 | 1.09 |
| Toronto | −0.77 | 0.31 | −0.23 | 1.08 |
| Trenton | −0.77 | 0.32 | −0.22 | 1.09 |
Prince Edward Island | Charlottetown | −0.78 | 0.48 | −0.15 | 1.26 |
Quebec | Bagotville | −0.95 | 0.52 | −0.21 | 1.45 |
| Montreal | −0.70 | 0.44 | −0.13 | 1.14 |
Saskatchewan | Estevan | −0.27 | 0.40 | −0.27 | 1.27 |
| Saskatoon | −0.89 | 0.38 | −0.25 | 1.27 |
Northwest Territories | Yellowknife | −0.80 | 0.60 | −0.10 | 1.40 |
Nunavut | Baker Lake | −0.73 | 0.75 | 0.005 | 1.48 |
Yukon | Whitehorse | −0.75 | 0.42 | −0.16 | 1.17 |
Canadian Averages | | −0.73 | 0.41 | −0.17 | 1.16 |
Table 4.
Migration counts of the Before Midnight Minima (BMMtn) to After Midnight Minima (AMMtn) and of the Before Noon Maxima (BNMtx) to After Noon Maxima (ANMtx) between the examined 4-year averages at the beginning (1953–1956) and ending of the data range (2015–2018). Migration is expressed as counts, as well as percentages, of total populations.
Table 4.
Migration counts of the Before Midnight Minima (BMMtn) to After Midnight Minima (AMMtn) and of the Before Noon Maxima (BNMtx) to After Noon Maxima (ANMtx) between the examined 4-year averages at the beginning (1953–1956) and ending of the data range (2015–2018). Migration is expressed as counts, as well as percentages, of total populations.
Provinces & Territories | Location | Total BMMtn | Migrated BMMtn | Total BNMtx | Migrated BNMtx |
---|
| | (n) | (n) | (%) | (n) | (n) | (%) |
---|
Alberta | Calgary | 270 | −120 | 44.4 | 146 | −42 | 28.8 |
| Cold Lake | 174 | −7 | 9.5 | 141 | −34 | 24.1 |
| Fort McMurray | 219 | −40 | 18.3 | 123 | −26 | 21.1 |
British Columbia | Vancouver | 311 | −111 | 35.7 | 220 | −93 | 42.3 |
| Victoria | 390 | −149 | 38.2 | 242 | −123 | 50.8 |
Manitoba | Churchill | 453 | −140 | 30.9 | 431 | −106 | 24.6 |
| Winnipeg | 224 | −45 | 20.1 | 159 | −18 | 11.3 |
New Brunswick | Fredericton | 232 | −13 | 5.6 | 162 | −46 | 28.4 |
| Moncton | 298 | −55 | 18.5 | 236 | −70 | 29.7 |
Newfoundland & Labrador | Goose | 281 | −71 | 25.3 | 196 | −28 | 14.3 |
| St. John’s | 589 | −120 | 20.4 | 508 | −97 | 19.1 |
Nova Scotia | Greenwood | 337 | −102 | 30.3 | 280 | −100 | 35.1 |
| Yarmouth | 498 | −130 | 26.1 | 465 | −176 | 37.8 |
Ontario | Ottawa | 261 | −58 | 22.2 | 174 | −47 | 27.0 |
| Toronto | 284 | −72 | 25.4 | 235 | −79 | 31.9 |
| Trenton | 271 | −30 | 11.1 | 250 | −69 | 27.6 |
Prince Edward Island | Charlottetown | 460 | −108 | 23.5 | 382 | −124 | 32.5 |
Quebec | Bagotville | 333 | −77 | 23.1 | 283 | −120 | 42.4 |
| Montreal | 246 | −61 | 24.8 | 212 | −66 | 31.1 |
Saskatchewan | Estevan | 228 | −79 | 34.6 | 149 | −56 | 37.6 |
| Saskatoon | 214 | −37 | 17.3 | 159 | −68 | 42.8 |
Northwest Territories | Yellowknife | 339 | −47 | 13.9 | 214 | −47 | 22.0 |
Nunavut | Baker Lake | 560 | −176 | 31.4 | 406 | −113 | 27.8 |
Yukon | Whitehorse | 279 | −80 | 28.7 | 181 | −104 | 57.5 |
Canadian Averages | | 323 | −80 | 24.1 | 248 | −77 | 31.2 |
Table 5.
Annually averaged timing trends of the After Midnight Minima (AMMtn) and After Noon Maxima (ANMtx) subpopulations and linearly projected time shifts (DETtn and DETtx) calculated as the product of the linear slope and the time span of the study range.
Table 5.
Annually averaged timing trends of the After Midnight Minima (AMMtn) and After Noon Maxima (ANMtx) subpopulations and linearly projected time shifts (DETtn and DETtx) calculated as the product of the linear slope and the time span of the study range.
Provinces & Territories | Location | AMMtn Slopes | DETtn | ANMtx Slopes | DETtx |
---|
| | (h/y) | (h) | (h/y) | (h) |
---|
Alberta | Calgary | 6.6×10-3 | 0.44 | 5.5×10-3 | 0.36 |
| Cold Lake | 9.5×10-3 | 0.61 | 9.3×10-3 | 0.60 |
| Fort McMurray | 6.3×10-3 | 0.42 | 6.7×10-3 | 0.44 |
British Columbia | Vancouver | 8.1×10-3 | 0.53 | 7.2×10-3 | 0.48 |
| Victoria | 7.1×10-3 | 0.47 | 9.3×10-3 | 0.61 |
Manitoba | Churchill | 8.0×10-3 | 0.53 | 2.8×10-3 | 0.18 |
| Winnipeg | 3.6×10-3 | 0.24 | 5.3×10-3 | 0.35 |
New Brunswick | Fredericton | 6.8×10-3 | 0.38 | 6.3×10-3 | 0.42 |
| Moncton | 8.5×10-3 | 0.56 | 6.7×10-3 | 0.38 |
Newfoundland & Labrador | Goose | 8.4×10-3 | 0.55 | 9.5×10-3 | 0.63 |
| St. John’s | 6.1×10-3 | 0.40 | 2.3×10-3 | 0.14 |
Nova Scotia | Greenwood | 9.3×10-3 | 0.61 | 9.2×10-3 | 0.61 |
| Yarmouth | 9.3×10-3 | 0.61 | 7.6×10-3 | 0.50 |
Ontario | Ottawa | 6.3×10-3 | 0.42 | 6.0×10-3 | 0.40 |
| Toronto | 7.5×10-3 | 0.50 | 6.9×10-3 | 0.46 |
| Trenton | 6.1×10-3 | 0.38 | 6.7×10-3 | 0.42 |
Prince Edward Island | Charlottetown | 8.9×10-3 | 0.59 | 5.7×10-3 | 0.38 |
Quebec | Bagotville | 7.0×10-3 | 0.46 | 9.6×10-3 | 0.63 |
| Montreal | 6.4×10-3 | 0.42 | 9.1×10-3 | 0.60 |
Saskatchewan | Estevan | 5.3×10-3 | 0.35 | 5.1×10-3 | 0.34 |
| Saskatoon | 6.7×10-3 | 0.44 | 2.1×10-2 | 1.39 |
Northwest Territories | Yellowknife | 5.5×10-3 | 0.36 | 8.5×10-3 | 0.56 |
Nunavut | Baker Lake | 8.0×10-3 | 0.44 | 1.3×10-3 | 0.09 |
Yukon | Whitehorse | 1.0×10-3 | 0.69 | 2.2×10-2 | 1.44 |
Canadian Averages | | | 0.48 | | 0.52 |
Table 6.
Climate parameter sensitivity indices for diurnal temperature and timing parameters.
Table 6.
Climate parameter sensitivity indices for diurnal temperature and timing parameters.
Provinces & Territories | Location | NTn | AMMtn | DTx | ANMtx |
---|
| | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) |
---|
Alberta | Calgary | 3.06 | 5.48 | 2.44 | 5.14 |
| Cold Lake | 2.99 | 7.62 | 2.42 | 8.49 |
| Fort McMurray | 3.55 | 4.60 | 3.11 | 7.34 |
British Columbia | Vancouver | 3.36 | 6.68 | 2.05 | 11.81 |
| Victoria | 2.93 | 5.89 | 2.57 | 15.27 |
Manitoba | Churchill | 2.87 | 5.83 | 2.94 | 2.67 |
| Winnipeg | 1.64 | 2.99 | 1.93 | 5.88 |
New Brunswick | Fredericton | 1.77 | 4.70 | 1.51 | 13.69 |
| Moncton | 2.02 | 7.02 | 1.91 | 6.00 |
Newfoundland & Labrador | Goose | 0.76 | 7.01 | 1.26 | 8.91 |
| St. John’s | 2.10 | 4.57 | 2.61 | 1.95 |
Nova Scotia | Greenwood | 2.36 | 7.64 | 2.09 | 8.63 |
| Yarmouth | 2.43 | 8.02 | 2.54 | 10.00 |
Ontario | Ottawa | 2.07 | 5.22 | 2.08 | 5.68 |
| Toronto | 5.00 | 6.19 | 2.24 | 7.54 |
| Trenton | 1.26 | 4.78 | 1.52 | 7.04 |
Prince Edward Island | Charlottetown | 1.80 | 7.39 | 2.12 | 5.34 |
Quebec | Bagotville | 2.62 | 4.62 | 1.79 | 7.96 |
| Montreal | 2.83 | 5.25 | 1.97 | 8.59 |
Saskatchewan | Estevan | −1.08 | 4.37 | 0.51 | 6.70 |
| Saskatoon | 1.78 | 5.56 | 1.84 | 27.75 |
Northwest Territories | Yellowknife | 3.63 | 3.65 | 3.34 | 6.23 |
Nunavut | Baker Lake | 3.34 | 4.45 | 3.28 | 4.71 |
Yukon | Whitehorse | 3.27 | 7.66 | 2.43 | 20.63 |
Canadian Averages | | 2.43 | 5.72 | 2.19 | 8.91 |