Mitigating Climate Change in the Cultural Built Heritage Sector
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mitigating Climate Change in the Cultural Built Heritage Sector
3. Methodology
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Enablers of Climate Change Mitigation in the Cultural Built Heritage Sector
4.1.1. Economic Factors
4.1.2. Legislation and Regulations
4.1.3. Sustainable Refurbishment Strategies
4.1.4. Sustainable Transportation Strategies
4.1.5. Change in User Behaviour
4.1.6. Knowledge
4.1.7. Energy Compensation Strategies
4.2. Barriers to Climate Change Mitigation In The Cultural Built Heritage Sector
4.2.1. Economic Factors
4.2.2. Lack of Regulation
4.2.3. Value
4.2.4. Material Procurement and Sustainability Certification
4.2.5. User Behaviour
4.2.6. Lack of Knowledge
4.2.7. Loss of Traditional Skills
4.2.8. Incompatible Solutions
4.2.9. Diversity
4.3. Best Practice Examples
4.3.1. Insulation
4.3.2. Ventilation
4.3.3. Lighting, Heating and Monitoring
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Organization. | Number of Year Working in the Cultural Heritage Sector | Gender |
---|---|---|
Universities and research centres = 42% | 1–9 years = 20% | Male = 58% |
Governmental institutions = 27% | 10–19 years = 30% | Female = 42% |
Heritage sites = 31% | 20–29 years= 30% | |
30–39 years= 18% | ||
>40 years = 2% |
Themes | Quotes |
---|---|
Economic factors | “(Give) incentives (to) (...) people to make compatible (...) interventions.” (Academic) |
“Incentives, (...) funding programs (...) could help people to (...) (do) things that otherwise they cannot do.” (Heritage site manager) | |
“The state or municipality should provide incentives (and give funding) (...) (also) for non-listed buildings. (...) The gap between economic, cultural, historical and social value should be bridged.” (Academic) | |
“When things cost more to do in the right way we have to have the willingness to pay more.” (Heritage site coordinator) | |
“Recovering money (...) through energy saving.” (Academic) | |
“It is better to give work to people that live in the place and that can do maintenance, instead of bringing low quality windows from abroad.” (Academic) | |
Legislation and regulations | “(It) would be really helpful, particularly with tenements, if there was more legislation.” (Heritage site manager) |
“There has to be work on the development of guidelines in collaboration with the municipalities.” (Academic) | |
“You have to get it written in management plans. (...) We need (...) tools, action and activities to help them.” (Academic) | |
“(Regarding) making the buildings more energy efficient, (enforce) policy requirements when it is a public building.” (Academic) | |
“To report the carbon usage of the building (…) on how the building is energy efficient." (Academic) | |
Normally buildings consume more energy compared (with) how they were designed. Post-evaluation needs to be performed and needs a regulatory structure.” (Academic) | |
Sustainable refurbishment strategies | “Focus on reuse and adaptability. (Avoid) building waste.” (Academic) |
“For the stonework (...) they sourced stone from a bridge that has been dismantled." (Member of governmental institution) | |
“Use natural resources and materials.” (Heritage site manager) | |
“We rely on natural materials. We (...) promote the broader advantages in sustainability of the historic environment in terms of social-economic sustainability (...) local jobs, skills. (...) Instead of getting something (from abroad), we (engaged) a local firm. (...) Sustainable in terms of materials, (...) low carbon in terms of the local economy." (Member of governmental institution) | |
“(Use) sustainable (products). Instead of mineral wool, there are wood-based products. (…) Traditional materials: wood, stone...” (Academic) | |
“Every construction phase should consider the LCA (...) (this) is little applied to cultural heritage. Its conservation (…) should be done with low emissions.” (Academic) | |
“(Historical buildings) will not be passive houses nor be A+++. We need to understand what we mean by sustainability. If we change everything, losing the material and the energy used to produce it, we will have a better building in terms of thermal performance, but we lost much more grey energy. We need to evaluate the sustainability through 360 degrees.” (Academic) | |
Sustainable transportation strategies | “(Pedestrianisation) of historical city centres is a positive thing.” (Academic) |
“Sundays without cars helps in sensitising (the issue). (…) To go in the city centre with the bike…” (Researcher) | |
“Promote appropriate transport. (…) people do not actually think to cycle instead of taking a bus.” (Sustainability officer) | |
Change in user behaviour | “Encourage people to conserve energy, save resources, recycle and reuse. (...) Those things have to become the norm, rather that something special.” (Heritage site manager) |
“We achieved 30% of reduction in carbon emission over 4 years based on (…) fabric interventions (and) change in behaviour.” (Member of governmental institution) | |
“Wear another jumper instead of putting in double glazing.” (Heritage site manager) | |
“Run climate change and mitigation energy awareness. (…) Reduce the demand." (Member of governmental institution) | |
“Work with owners and motivate them.” (Academic) | |
“Engage the citizenship.” (Researcher) | |
Knowledge | “It has very much to do with knowledge (…) (and) information” (Academic) |
“Sharing the knowledge (…) contributing to research” (Heritage site manager) | |
Energy compensation strategies | “Face (the problem) at district or city level. (...) (Historical) buildings can be put in a grid of energy distribution at district level (and receive) the energy surplus” (Academic) |
“The concept of trade-off. (...) New design with thermal inefficiency in some parts but with improved efficiency in others.” (Academic) |
Theme | Quote |
---|---|
Economic factors | “There is very little incentive for certain building owners.” (Academic) |
“Sometimes we are asking people to do things in a more expensive way.” (Architect) | |
“Many times, (...) economic aspect prevail over social, historical and cultural value.” (Academic) | |
Lack of regulation | “Guidelines were created but (...) they will remain only suggestions if there is no political will to be stricter.” (Head of heritage site association) |
“Provide regulation to force (energy efficiency upgrade) of properties." (Academic) | |
“The regulation plan says that existing buildings can be refurbished (...) but the character, materials and colour should be kept. (…) People should keep the material, (...) (make) repairs, (...) (but people) change them (…) interpreting the unclear text in regulation.” (Academic) | |
“Governments (…) are interested in devolution of regulation to local level (…) (including) cultural heritage protection or listed buildings consent (…). But, do the (local authorities) have the capacity, (interest, and) (...) knowledge? And, when (…) you ask who is looking at cultural heritage, (...) they would say, “oh, we could not afford it”. (…) There is the need to have more written advice. (Member of governmental institution) | |
Value | “The older the building is and the more value the heritage has the harder it is. (…) If the building is mid-20th century (...) (you can) get it in a high standard. But (...) (with) a castle there is a limit on how far you can go.” (Academic) |
“Insulating the outside of historical buildings in terms of authenticity and integrity (...) it is unthinkable. There is a balance with the cultural significance of the elements.” (Academic) | |
“I wouldn’t like to (...) see solar panels all over beautiful old buildings. (They can) (...) be sited somewhere (else).” (Heritage site manager) | |
“You never want to lose the original fabric, like crown glass or (...) timber sashes to put double glazing. (…) You never get character back again because you can’t make crown glass anymore. (...) With traditional stone buildings (...) you don’t want to alter the external fabric (...) (and) lose the (internal) original cornices and plaster work.” (Heritage site manager) | |
“They prefer to build new low emission buildings and demolish existing historical buildings. (...) If you look only at the environmental issues and not at the cultural (value) you are making wrong choices.” (Academic) | |
“Lack of information and education of the community on (...) heritage (value)” (Academic) | |
“(When) refurbishing without taking into consideration the authenticity of the materials (...) (historic elements) are replaced (...) with totally different detailing.” (Academic) | |
Material procurement and sustainability certification | “Local materials should be more sustainable than (foreign), (...) (but) emission from shipping are not accounted in any assessment (and) it (results) more (sustainable) to buy from foreign countries.” (Sustainability officer) |
"Modern materials can travel all the world (...) (before to) come back to you.” (Academic) | |
“Little stock is produced. (...) (few) quarries (still) exist (…). You have to replace with stone (that) very often (...) comes from (abroad)."(Academic) | |
“Resources from abroad (…) means that you are getting alien materials, there isn’t a correct geological match.” (Heritage site manager) | |
“Local material (...) correspond better to (building) typologies and expression. (…) You (should) pay more for (...) (transportation) emissions.”(Academic) | |
“If you are replacing (elements) (...) are you calculating those carbon costs? (...) What about the destruction of what (...) has last seven hundred years? (...) It is a waste of money (...) (and) energy.” (Heritage site manager) | |
"This country calculates CO2 only within the borders (...). So, (foreign) stone (…) has much smaller carbon footprint legally compared from (local) stone." (Academic) | |
“(Sustainability assessments) are very good for new construction, (…) (but tricky with) refurbishment. (...) EPC (and) (....) building standards are really good for (new) or just refurbished buildings, but (there is) nothing on historic values. (Sustainability officer) | |
“There are problems on how the (EPC) rating presumes the performance (…) we do not have data on the actual performance of the buildings."(Academic) | |
User behaviour | “You make (a building) more energy efficient and theoretically you reduce the carbon emissions, then you find that they are using it in a way that it is not proper. Carbon emissions are made also from the users.” (Academic) |
“There is a cultural resistance to lighting from windows. (…) Electric artificial systems used when not necessary it is a big issue. People still think that lighting is low in consumption, but it is not.” (Academic) | |
“Everybody wears t-shirts (in offices). (…) We do not try to save the energy as hard as we could.” (Heritage site manager) | |
“The use-phase is important. (...) (heat pumps) were introduced to use less electricity, but now people have 25 degrees (indoor) (...). I do not know if they actually decreased the energy at the end. It is a rebound effect. You can have zones in your house (...), night and day regulation, (...) educate people (to) (...) put on a jumper in winter (…). (But) they just want to stay with their t-shirt. (…) People do not know why they should (do) it.” (Academic) | |
Lack of knowledge | “If we (use) (...) a modern material, it can cause increase of decay with formation of mould, for example. We need tests to know the consequences of their application.” (Academic) |
“We need to understand which are the characteristics and the behaviours (of ancient buildings) and work with them.” (Academic) | |
“We need skills of preservation of (old) materials. (...) (and) use the same methods (…) used when they were built, not look only at today’s methods (…) and guidelines for energy efficiency.” (Heritage site coordinator) | |
"The sash and case windows were designed for having air conditioning. (...) A lot of historical buildings have this inherent ability. (...) There is the need to understand the capacity of these buildings to cope with the external environment and to maintain (comfort)." (Member of governmental institution) | |
“If people’s opinion is that new is always better, they are going to replace (elements). (...) If you promote to keep them (...) that would help. But the (market is) (...) advertising for new windows. Heritage managers are not considered experts in energy efficiency.” (Academic) | |
“People do what they want (...) entrepreneurs put new insulation (...) (which cause) problems with air tightness compromising your building.” (Academic) | |
Loss of traditional skills | “Traditional skills are going to be lost. If I have a technician that just mount PVC windows instead of a craftsman (...) able to build a wooden window or to fix an ancient door, we are losing something.” (Academic) |
“Other important resources are the technicians. We do not have enough people who know traditional skills” (Academic) | |
“Some craftsman know about (historical buildings behaviour) but a lot (...) use the same techniques for new buildings in the old ones; (…) the building industry does not take this into consideration.” (Academic) | |
Incompatible solutions | “Changing the behaviour of the building will cause inside a series of problems.” (Academic) |
“We need to be careful in adding insulation (...) (in) buildings. You can upset their balance, (...) blocking natural ventilation and causing cold bridges.” (Heritage site manager) | |
“You want to (...) increase energy efficiency, but people are not worried about humidity and condensation causing deterioration in the fabric."(Member of governmental institution) | |
“(In) wooden buildings (...) there would be vapour condensation somewhere, it is very important to (...) ventilate (...). Damp barriers (...) prevent the house to breathe (....) (and) cause decay. People do not understand (or know about building physics).” (Academic) | |
“Some levels of comfort are not sustainable for some heritage buildings. (...) Heating and cooling inside churches can increase decay.” (Academic) | |
“The energy strategy (in refurbishments can be) contradictory. (...) (A refurbished building) had an overheating problem (...) because of the (...) IT equipment. (...) They (internally) insulated a wall with a huge thermal mass, (that) now cannot absorb the heat from computers, and they have to activate air conditioning.” (Member of governmental institution) | |
Diversity | “You have to take each building or set of buildings. When were they built? How? (...)For what? What use can be made of it now?" (Academic) |
“That would be a question to raise in each building and the answer would be different from building to building. It is hard to generalize.” (Academic) |
Theme | Quote |
---|---|
Insulation | “Internal insulation, heat pump, soil insulation and roof insulation, improving the windows...” |
“Maintain the wooden windows. (...) Putting insulation in the roofs, putting double glazing in the windows, using heat pumps...” | |
“Insulation of floors, ceilings and roofs...” | |
"Put secondary glazing on historic windows (…) removable secondary glazing with magnets (…) double glazing in winter and in summer you can take it off.” | |
“Put insulation under the floor, in the ground floor, towards the basement, in the roof. (…) Make the building more airtight. Put secondary glazing or double glazing in historic windows without replacing them. (…) Make zones. Halls in the entrance. (…) Insulation in certain walls (...) that are re-built. | |
Insulation and ventilation | “Installing secondary glazing in windows to reduce the heat loss, improving the insulation in walls, floors and ceilings. Reducing drafts. (…) Maintain the ventilation in historical buildings (…) in roofs. (...) Closing curtains and having shutters.” |
“Have shutters, heavy curtains, and secondary glazing. (...) Make sure that there is good ventilation. Add insulation where appropriate.” | |
“Insulate in the inside (only if adequate) (…) provide the right ventilation (…) make sure that you have got no condensation (...) new curtains or tapestry on the walls. (...) Using the blinds, using curtains (…). Insulate under floor.” | |
Ventilation | “Mixed mode or hybrid ventilation system, in some cases natural ventilation supported by mechanical ventilation. (…) Mechanical devices to improve the natural ventilation of buildings in a controlled way.” |
“Passive ventilation. (Avoid) air conditioning. (…) A lot of buildings (…) had passive ventilation, (…) like chimneys and louvers (…) (that) provide thermal comfort with less energy.” | |
Lighting | “Good light management process.” |
Lighting and insulation | “Changing light bulbs, repairing windows, secondary glazing, new lamping, loft insulation, cavity wall insulation.” |
Heating | “Do not heat the building but heat the people.” |
Heating, lighting, monitoring. | “Install LED bulbs. (...) Change the windows putting up films for the summer shading, upgrade the roof. Improve the cooling and lighting systems. (...) Monitoring the environmental conditions all year.” |
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Sesana, E.; Bertolin, C.; Gagnon, A.S.; Hughes, J.J. Mitigating Climate Change in the Cultural Built Heritage Sector. Climate 2019, 7, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7070090
Sesana E, Bertolin C, Gagnon AS, Hughes JJ. Mitigating Climate Change in the Cultural Built Heritage Sector. Climate. 2019; 7(7):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7070090
Chicago/Turabian StyleSesana, Elena, Chiara Bertolin, Alexandre S. Gagnon, and John J. Hughes. 2019. "Mitigating Climate Change in the Cultural Built Heritage Sector" Climate 7, no. 7: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7070090