Sequestration of Dyes from Water into Poly(α-Olefins) Using Polyisobutylene Sequestering Agents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. General Information
2.2. General Procedure for the Extraction of Dyes from Water
2.3. Regeneration and Recycling of the PAO Phase
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sequestration of Anionic Dyes
3.2. Sequestration of Cationic Dyes
3.3. Future Directions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MeI | Methyl iodide |
MeCN | Acetonitrile |
NMR | Nuclear magnetic resonance |
PAO | Poly(α-olefin) |
PDI | Polydispersity index |
PIB | Polyisobutylene |
rpmrt | Revolutions per minuteRoom temperature |
SN2 | Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution |
UV–visible | Ultraviolet–visible |
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Dye Contaminant | Initial Absorbance (AU) | Final Absorbance (AU) | Extraction Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|
Methyl red | 0.82 | 0.80 | 2% |
Methyl orange | 0.74 | 0.65 | 12% |
Eriochrome Black T | 0.53 | 0.35 | 34% |
Congo red | 0.80 | 0.74 | 8% |
Phenolphthalein | 0.95 | 0.90 | 5% |
2,2-Dichlorofluorescein | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1% |
Bromocresol green | 0.40 | 0.39 | 3% |
Carmine | 0.51 | 0.50 | 2% |
Dye Contaminant | Initial Absorbance (AU) | Final Absorbance (AU) | Extraction Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|
Methyl red | 0.82 (2.5) a | 0.00 (0.00) a | >99% (>99%) a |
Methyl orange | 0.74 | 0.00 | >99% |
Eriochrome Black T | 0.53 | 0.01 | 98% |
Congo red | 0.80 | 0.00 | >99% |
Phenolphthalein | 0.95 (2.3) a | 0.11 (0.12) a | 88% (95%) a |
2,2-Dichlorofluorescein | 1.06 | 0.00 | >99% |
Bromocresol green | 0.40 (2.5) a | 0.00 (0.03) a | >99% (99%) a |
Carmine | 0.51 | 0.00 | >99% |
Extraction Efficiency of p-Methyl Red | Extraction Efficiency of 4′,5′-Dichlorofluorescein | |
---|---|---|
Cycle 1 | >99.9% | >99.9% |
Cycle 2 | >99.9% | >99.9% |
Cycle 3 | >99.9% | >99.9% |
Cycle 5 | >99.9% | >99.9% |
Cycle 10 | >99.9% | >99.9% |
Dye Contaminant | Initial Dye Concentration (mg/mL) | Final Dye Concentration (mg/mL) | Initial Absorbance (AU) | Final Absorbance (AU) | Extraction Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malachite green | 400 | 391 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 2% a |
Safranine O | 423 | 387 | 5 | 5 | 9% a |
Methylene blue | 404 | 360 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 11% a |
Dye | Initial Dye Concentration (mg/mL) | Final Dye Concentration (mg/mL) | Initial Absorbance (AU) | Final Absorbance (AU) | Extraction Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malachite green | 400 | 40 | 3.5 | 0.40 | 90% a |
Safranine O | 423 | n.d. b | 5 | 0.07 | >99.9% a |
Methylene blue | 404 | n.d. b | 3.6 | 0.03 | >99.9% a |
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Rosenfeld, N.; Alonso, M.P.; Humphries, C.; Bergbreiter, D.E. Sequestration of Dyes from Water into Poly(α-Olefins) Using Polyisobutylene Sequestering Agents. Technologies 2024, 12, 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12080138
Rosenfeld N, Alonso MP, Humphries C, Bergbreiter DE. Sequestration of Dyes from Water into Poly(α-Olefins) Using Polyisobutylene Sequestering Agents. Technologies. 2024; 12(8):138. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12080138
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosenfeld, Neil, Mara P. Alonso, Courtney Humphries, and David E. Bergbreiter. 2024. "Sequestration of Dyes from Water into Poly(α-Olefins) Using Polyisobutylene Sequestering Agents" Technologies 12, no. 8: 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12080138